IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0    !|i^  1^ 

lU  1^    |2.2 

M 

Mil 

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L25  SB  U.  1 1^ 


1.1 


£  111 

£  IS   12.0 

u 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


39  WIST  MAIN  STMIT 

WIUTM.N.Y.  MSM 

( 7  U)  173^903 


o 


is. 


U. 


f 


% 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Inttituta  for  Hiatorical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  hiatoriquas 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


Tl 
to 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pelliculde 


n~|    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  inl<  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relit  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrte  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  inttrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  aJoutAes 
iors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  toxte, 
mais,  lorsquo  cala  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  At*  filmAes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmantaires; 


L'institut  a  microfiimd  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6X6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m6thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquts  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 
D 
0 
D 
0 
D 
D 

n 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagtes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restauries  et/ou  peiiicuites 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachettes  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  dttachtes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualit^  inigaie  de  i'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprond  du  materiel  supplAmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  ditponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalemant  ou  partiellement 
obscurcias  pai  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  M  filmAes  A  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Tl 

P« 
o 
fi 


O 
b( 
th 
8i( 
ot 
fir 
sii 
or 


TK 
sh 
Tl 

wl 

Ml 
di 
en 
be 

rig 
re< 
m( 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the   sduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu*  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

2ex 

30X 

7 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


ire 

details 
les  du 
modifier 
ler  une 
filmage 


The  copy  filmed  liere  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grflce  d  la 
gAntrositA  de: 

La  bibliothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  rexemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


6es 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimie  sont  filmis  en  commengant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^»>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
derniire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  «►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  Id 
symbols  y  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmte  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff Arents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film*  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  ii  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
lllustrant  la  mAthode. 


errata 
d  to 

It 

e  pelure. 

:on  A 


i 

a 

3 

32X 


f 

t 

a 

4 

5 

6 

.  T"   I    ,  'Iff,'  j-v-mf 


GEOGRAPHICAL  VIEW 


or  Thb 


ITISH  POSSESSIONS 


^iAMEKfDJt 


^a  Scotia,  Ne\V( 
Lower  an^ 


i  aljf  tiM?  Country  to  the  Fi 


dL»  If ii^W  Britain, 


«Mi»%l|l  Pacific  Ocean 


tt  <^' 


CONTAlp 

Concise  History  of  ttepNir'in  Canada^ 

To  the dateof  thii  ««Mil       r 


3Y  M.  SMIT 


..>»*» 


«::: 


nuKii^il  f^  i«uu2id,  Mlm  jyrapL 

III  4.  -       " 


,**»■ 


>■. 


DISTRICT  OF  MUGlTSIlAfio  WU: 


^1 


_  jSEAl 


BE  IT  REME 
uary,  in  the  thirty. 
United  States  of 
hath  deposited  in  UHf 
whereof  he  claialril 
wit: 


«( 


tc 


(i 


..  OD  dbe  first  day  of  Jan^ 

.   the  Independence  of  the 

Smith,  ^the  said  District, 

the  tit^2  of  a  work,  the  right 

in  the  words  followiog,  to 

in  North  Anterica: 


**  A  Geographical  View  of  ^«|W|pi  t 

comprehending  Nova  Srati^liiKRliliwJck,  New  Britain,  Lower  and 
^^*1I^.S"^"'  ^'*  aH  #1  cipniwtothe  Frozen  Sea  on  the  North, 
and  Pacific  Ocean  on  ^''**.  With  an  Appendix,  containinri 
CoLCne  History  of  the  W«t  MtapMHla,  tothe  date  of  this  volume*-By 
M,  Smith,  author  of  tliirffew|f|;i^>per  Canada."  "•'^•c'^^y 

In  conformity  to  the  lt»i<#  #ift  Ciiti  iws  nfth*  iNiite.!  s*.*^  <».«!». 
ieA  **  An  Act  for  the  iniimimigimiijr  kai 
of  maps,  charts,  and 
iiies  during  the  time 


An  Act  sup|4e 
meiit  of  learning 
«he  authors  and 
filmed,*  and  ext 
graving,  and 


T?* 


-Vt 


r  vg 


„ .    y  securing  the  copies 
and  proprietors  iJ  such  co> 
And  also  to  an  act,  entitled 
.     jtled,  *  An  Act  for  the  eocourage- 
•tpies  of  maps,  charts,  and  books  to 
V  copies,  during  the  time  therein  men* 
f'lhereof  to  the  artsnf  designing,  en- 
Other  prints.** 

WM.  MARSHALL, 
Clerfc  qftfte  Diitrkt  of  Virglhia, 


* 


Vv«t 


55  5 


tv 


>*<f 


'•^: 


' 


FT 


.\"      ...  ■  ■ 


> 


-I' 


«-,.> 

^.s^ 


...^t^f^^lJ* 


'^-K  f .' 


WHEN  a  new  publication  appears^ 
the  public  is  desirous  of  knowing  some^ 
thing  of  the  author,  and  his  reasons  for 
writing ;  both  of  which  I  will  note  in  a  few 
words. 

First,  I  am  a  native  of  the  United  States, 
was  born  in  Pennsylvania,  ten  miles  from 
Philadelphia,  and  in  the  year  1808  moved 
with  my  family  to  the  province  of  Upper 
Canada,  in  order  to  obtain  land  upon  easy 
terms,  (as  did  most  of  the  inhabitants  now 
there)  and  for  no  other  reason.  I  had  not 
long  remained  in  the  province  till  I  discover- 
ed that  the  mildness  of  the  climate,  fertility 
of  the  soil,  benefit  of  trade,  cheapness  of  tlic 


\.H 


f  , 


4 
'*■    I 


land^  morals  of  the  inhabitants,  ani{  equality 
of  the  government,  so  far  exceeded  my  for- 
mer expectations  and  the  expectations  of 
the  public  in  general,  that  I  deemed  it  my 
duty  to  make  known  the  same ;  especially 
when  I  considered  that  there  were  many 
thousands  of  my  fellow-citizens  of  the  Unit- 
ed States,  who  were  without  land,  and 
prospect  of  obtaining  any  in  the  United 
States  upon  such  easy  terms  as  they  might 
in  Upper  Canada ;  nor  had  I  then  any  ex- 
pectation of  war  between  the  two  countries. 

1  also  knew  tliat  a  correct  geographical 
account  of  Upper  Canada  had  never  been 
published.  I  therefore,  in  the  year  1810, 
made  application  to  the  governor  of  the 
province,  Francis  Gore,  Esq.  for  liberty 
to  take  and  print  a  Geographical  and  Polit- 
ical View  of  Upper  Canada,  and  obtained 
his  approbation  5  but  the  war  between  the 
two  countries  comnfienced  before  the  publi- 
cation. '  '• 

In  181^,  ty  virtue  of  a  proclamation  of 
the  governor  of  Upper  Canada  (Sheaffe) 
in  fovor  of  citizens  of  the  United  States^ 


rf 


luality 
ny  for- 
ans  of 
itmy 
5cial]y 

many 
VniU 
»  and 
nited 
light 

nes. 
ileal 
[cen 
10, 

the 
rtjr 

iU 
ed 
he 

)f  ' 

0 


.  (    V    )         , 

9,monp;  others  who  had  refused  to  take  the 
oath  of  allegiance  to  the  king  of  England^ 
I  obtained  a  passport  for  my  native  land. 

Since  the  16th  of  April,  1813,  three  large 
editions  of  my  View  of  Upper  Canada, 
have  been  printed  and  distributed  by  per- 
sons to  whom  I  gave  that  liberty,  and  the 
work  has  been  read  (as  far  as  1  have  been 
informed)  with  general  satisfaction ;  how- 
ever, I  found  that  it  was  too  small  to  grati- 
fy all  the  enquiries  of  the  public  relative 
to  British  I^orth  America,  I  therefore  felt- 
it  my  duty  to  present  to  the  public  a  larger 
volume,  that  should  embrace  every  species 
of  information  that  could  be  obtained  on  the 
subject.  I  owed  it  as  an  acknowledgment 
for  the  ready  reception  of  my  small  work. 

Secondly,  from  the  above  remarks  it  may 
be  seen  that  one  of  my  reasons  for  publish- 
ing this  work  is,  to  gratify  (and  perhaps 
benefit)  the  public;  and  my  other  reason  is, 
for  the  benefit  of  myself,  for  I  am  needy 
enough,  having  lost  all  the  property  I  had 
(chiefly  land)  in  Upper  Canada,  rather  than 
remain  there  and  be  oUiged  to  fight  against 

my  own  country. 

A  2 


I 

I 

li 


u 


•m 


.    / 


With  regard  to  the  geographical  infor 
matipn  contained  in  this  volume,  I  think  it 
proper  to  observe,  that  what  relates  to  Up- 
per and  part  of  Lower  Canada,  is  written 
fvqjfa  actual  observation,  but  what  relates 
to  the  other  parts  of  British  North  Ameri- 
ca,  I  have  principally  collected  from  other 
writers,  viz.  G.  Heriot,  Esq.  Winterbotham, 
Carver,  MackencciCf  and  Payne,  as  also 
from  some  French  authors,  and  old  man- 
iiscripts  taken  by  the  Catholic  Missionaries 
among  the  Indians  when  the  country  be- 
longed to  the  French. 

Through  all  these  works,  and  some 
others,  I  have  waded  with  considerable  la- 
bor in  order  to  collect  such  information  that 
might  be  correct,  beneficial,  and  amusing 
to  my  readers ;  and  although  I  do  not  pre- 
tend to  say  that  this  work  isf  entirely  void 
of  errors,  yet,  upon  the  whole,  I  think  it  may 
be  depended  upon,  and  am  of  opinion  will 
afford  considerable  informati9n  and  amuse- 
ment  to  the  most  of  readers.  However, 
such  as  it  is  (and  I  wish  it  was  more  worthy 
of  the  extensive  patronage  it  has  met  with 


4- 


(  vi  )         ; 

in  i^bseription)  I  offer  it  to  the  indulgent 
public*    IF  an^  are  gratified  in  the  perusal^ 
I  am  rewarded.  'Itt  8hort>  I  have  written-^ 
iPto  bona  publico* 


mt 


l^dkmondf  firgtnia,'} 
•tfpnl  i7«A,  1814.  J 


M.  SMITH. 


I  i 


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if '  IFlTtt  grateful  semihUity  There  preient 
my  acknowltdgments  td  emh  and  every  one 
of  my  numerous  sviscribers,  many  qf  wham, 
lam  persiuiliedf  subscribed  morefi/lam  a  wish 
to  benefit  me  thanffom  a  desire  to  obtain  such 
a  book.  ,.  fc 

.  Mthough  ,this  volume  has  not  appeared 
quite  so  soon  as  ymhad  reason  to  expect, 
yet  I  flatter  myself,  when  I  inform  you  cf  the 
cause,  you  wiU  pardon  this  failure^ 

When  I  printed  the  proposals  in  Richm4>nd, 
I  was  not  acquainted  with  the  price  qf  paper, 
printing,  and  binding  there,  but  soon  found, 
should  T  print  in  Richm>ond,  each  book  would 
cost  nearly  one  dollar,  qf  course  it  became  ne- 
cessary  to  have  the  work  done  in  Baltimore. 


■in 


I    i^ 


Instead  ^f  printing  Ha  work  in  a  ±27iio.  I 
have  done  it  in  ISmo^Jbr  the  $ake  of  afipear^ 
ance;  and  imtea4^rfpie^'*^hich  is  a  large 
type,  I  have  ^he  it  on-  brevier;  tbit  it  might 
contain  more  matter;  and  for  iMch^deiha- 
tions  firmn  the  proposal,  lam  of  opinion  that 
you  will  n^t'findfatUt,  as  they  an  for  the 
better*  .«  >  •,  (^  .    4  - 


^u 


Balt.Mky  10,  M4, 


#^'« 


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JifiSCRIPTION 


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■\  - 


.  ^^ 


^^^ii*- 


SituaUpn  and  ExtenL — The  province  of  Upper  Canada 
lies  between  41  o  and  40  minute^  and  48o  north  latitude^ 
and  extends  along  the  northern  bank  of  the  river  St* 
Lawrence,  the  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  and  the  water 
communication  from  lake  Superior  about  700  miles, 
and  is  500  miles  wid<u  according  to  an  imaginary  line 
that  divides  it  from  New  Britain  on  tlie  north.  The 
line  that  divides  it  from  the  lower  province  begins  in 
latitude  45  .  at  lake  Francisco,  and  takes  a  due  north 
course  to  the  Outta  ways  river ;  then  up  that  river  a  north- 
west direction  to  lake  Tomiscanting ;  then  due  north 
to  the  line  of  New  Britain, 

The  line  that  divides  the  upper  province  from  the 
United  States  commences  near  the  above  lake,  and  is  a 
ground  line  a  considerable  distance,  some  way  above 
the  St.  Regis  village^  of  Indians  :  through  the   middle 


! 


*  This  vitlsge  it  about  75  iiiiikn  bdow  Ofdcmburg. 


(    12    ) 


of  the  river  St.  Lawrence  to  the  beginning  of  lak6 
Ontario,  thence  through  the  middle  of  it  to  the  ouiMet 
of  Lake  Erie,  then  through  the  middle  of  the  out-let 
to  the  beginning  of  the  said' lake,  then  through  the  mid- 
dle of  it  to  the  head,  near  Detroit,  so  through  the  middle 
of  the  water  communications  and  lakes  St.  Clair, 
Huron,  Superior,  and  Lake  of  the  Woods  :  thence  a 
south-west  course  to  Red  Lake,  near  the  headwaters  of 
the  Mississippi  river. 

In  these  bounds  there  is  a  very  large  quan^y  of  ex- 
ceeding fertile  land  uninhabited,  particularly  in  the 
south-western  parts.  Here  hature  blooms,  untrod 
by  man  and  smiles  with  virgin  charms  to  draw  him  henc% 

Nof  d6  I  doubt  but  that  the  time  is  near  when  settle- 
ments will  be  made  in  all  these  regions,  and  that  this 
wilderness  will  soon  become  a  fruitful  field,  and  the 
desert  like  the  garden  of  Eden.* 

Surface  and  Soil, — There  are  no  mountains  in  the 
province  of  Upper  Canada,  and  but  very  few  hills  of 
any  considerable  height :  yet  tbi  country  is  not  of  a 
clear  level  but  affords  enough  of  small  hills  and  high 
bodies  of  ground  to  render  it  agreeable  to  the  eye,  and 
convenient  for  cultivation,  buildings,  water-works, 
&.C.  &c. 

The  mountain,  slope,  or  sudden  rise  of  ground, 
which  divides  the  waters  of  Lake  Erie  from  Lake 
Ontario,  begins  (1  know  not  how  far)  north-west 
from  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  or  what  is  "called  Bur* 
lington  Bay ;  it  extends  around  the  head  of  the  Bay,  a 

*  ShouM  it  Aill  into  the  Donemoa  of  the  Uuited  Sutes  this  remark 
would  be  literollr  true* 


(  »3  ) 


south-east  course,  then  an  easterly  course  near  the 
south  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  (one  or  two  miles)  till 
near  and  where  it  crosses  the  ouMet  of  Lake  Erie,  where 
it  is  fifteen  miles  to  the  south  of  Ontario.  This  lise, 
towers  in  some  places  five  hundred  feet  high,  almost 
perpendicular:  abounding  with  craggy  rocks:  but  in 
general,  is  not  more  than  two  hundred  feet,  and  then  ' 
the  ascent  is  yery  gradual,  mostly  in  the  form  of  an 
English  summer  garden,  with  natural  offsets  about  five 
hundred  yards  wide;  there  are  commonly  two  of  these 
offsets.  On  these  offsets  are  plantations  with  inhabi- 
tants who  have  very  e&tensive  and  beautiful^  prospects^ 
especially  those  who  reside  on  the  top.  i 

Here  the  eye  can  gaze  with  pleasure  on  al)  the  fertile 
fields  below,  and  has  an  unbounded  view  of  Lake  Oiita*. 
rio,  to  the  north  east  and  some  of  the  northern  shore. 
On  the  top  of  thisriise  of  ground,  the  whole  country  is 
level,  fertile  and  beautiful,  no  hill  to  descend  or  rise. 
Nearly  all  the  waters  on  the  i^outh  side  of  this  slope  run 
into  Lake  Erie ;  though  there  are  a  few  that  find  their 
way  through  the  slope  and  afford  fine  falls  for  water- 
works. 

What  is  called  the  20,  the  30  and  40  mile  creeks  go 
through  the  slope  and  afford  excellent  falls,  on  which 
there  are  famous  water- works  at  present.  A  consideran 
ble  part  of  this  slope  is  composed  of  cn^ggy  limestv>nc 
rock,  particularly  the  steep  parts,  and  from  which  flow 
a  great  number  of  fine  springs  and  brooks,  wiucli 
water  the  fertile  plains  below. 

South-west  of  the  Niagara  falls  about  30  miles,  and 
not  fyr  from  the  close  pf  L^ke  JBrie)  there  «re  what  are 


i 


I.  i- 


iV 


(    14    ) 

Called  the  Short  Hills.  Some  of  these  have  the  form  ot 
little  mountains,  though  none  of  them  are  high  or  hard 
of  ascent,  and  may  be  cultivated  nearly  all  over.  These 
hills  are  quite  rich* 

■^-  All  along  and  not  far  from  the  north  shore  of  Lake 
Ontario  the  ground  rises  tolerably  s  udden  and  considei^ 
ably  high,  after  which  the  country  to  the  north  is 
level  enough.  There  are  few  stone  on  the  surface  of 
the  ground  in  any  part  of  the  province,  and  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Grand  River  there  is  no  stone  at  all 
worth  naming,  yet  there  are  enough  beneath  the  surface 
almost  every  where,  and  in  many  places  Hmesitone  is 
plenty. 

The'soil  of  the  province  of  Upper  Canada  is  exceed- 
ing good  in  every  part,  yet  it  is  much  the  best  in  the 
upper  part  west  south-west  of  the  head  of  the  Bay 
Quantie  around  the  north  shore  and  head  of  Lake 
Ontario,  and  the  west  side  of  the  Grand  River,  in  the 
London  Distiict  already  described.  The  lower  part  of 
the  province  is  sand  and  clay  mixed ;  from  the  head  of 
the  Bay  Quantie  to  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  it  is  alto- 
gether a  black,  light,  rich,  mould,  in  most  places  seven 
inches  deep,  after  which  it  is  brown  clay.  On  the 
Grand  River  or  Indian  Land,  and  in  the  London  Dis* 
trict,  the  soil  is  sand,  brown  loam  and  clay. 

Natural  Productions.—The  timber  of  the  lower  part 
of  the  province,  is  chiefly  hemlock,  birch,  and  beach. 
That  of  the  middle  part,  or  from  the  beginning  of  Lake 
Ontario  to  the  head  is  chiefly  beach,  sugar-maple,  and 
whit6-pine.  On  and  west  of  the  Grand  River  the 
chi^f  of  the  timber  is  white-pine,    elm,  bass,   black- 


.„■■■     '  '  ■      {  IS  Y    ./,-■.         ■■■  ■ 

walnut,  and  tlie  different  oaks,  cKe^nut  and  the  Hkc« 
Indeed  in  this  patt  of  the  province  are  found  all  the 
varieties  in  the  United  States ;  also  some  of  the  trees  of 
the  balm  of  Gilead  :  one  of  a  majestic  appearance  stands 
24  miles  west  of  Niagara  on  the  main  road;  In  the 
lower  part  of  the  { roirince  there  is  but  little  of  any  kind 
of  wild  fruit,  but  in  the  middle  part  there  are  several 
sorts,  particularly  whortleberries  and  rice.*  In  th^ 
western  part  there  are  a  great  variety  of  wild  fruits,  and 
are  the  following :  Cranberries,  raspberries,  blackbeF- 
ries,  grapes,  sarvesberries,  wild  potatoes,  (which  were 
exceeding  usefiil  to  the  firet  inhabitants,)  strawberries, 
plumbs  of  a  very  good  sort,  as  also  a  great  quantity  of 
the  best  crab-apples  I  ever  saw,  which  the  inhabitants^ 
of  new  settlements  use  by  preserving  with  the  molasses  i 
of  pumpkins.         **y ,^•^--    f  •  , 

jigriculture, — fn  the  lower  part  of  the  province,  there 
are  raised  considerable  quantities  of  wheat,  oats  and 
peas.  In  the  middle  part,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  peas,  hemp^ 
flax,  and  some  com.  In  the  western  parts  the  product 
is  wheat,  which  thrives  better  here  than  in  other  parts; 
rye,  oats  and  corn  come  to^great  perfection,  as  also  buck- 
wheat. All  kinds  of  roots  and  vegetables  flourish  well 
in  any  part  of  the  province,  but  especially  in  the  west* 
Apples  come  to  perfection  in  any  part  of  the  province, 
though  peaches  cannot  be  raised  m  the  lower  end,  but 


1^ 


1. 


J. 


*  This  rice  growi  on  the  bottom  of  wvenl  sbillow  lakes ;  theittik  it 
nearly  like  the  stalk  of  oats*    The  grain  is  larger  tlian  common  rice,  but 
not  so  white,  yet  rather  of  a  better  taste  and  not  so  hard  to  clean.    The 
Indians  collect  it  with  their  canoes,  and  bring  large  quantities  among  the- 
ubaUtanta,  whQh  they  aeU  wry  cbeap» 


ilot 


;«  ' 


r. 


m 


'^ 


I 


n 


I 


WP, 


i^ 


(    16     ) 

dp  0cceeding  well  within  300  miles  of  the  west  end  of 
the  province^  as  also  cherries,  pears^  plumbs,  apricots 
suad  the  like.  '«>^14>^;. 

.  All  kinds  of  tame  cattle  do  well  in  any  part  of  the 
province,  but  especially  homed  cattle  and  sheep,  these 
are  exceedingly  heakhy.  Bees  do  exceedingly  well  on 
Lake  Erie  and  are  plenty  in  al!  the  woods.  • 
':,  Citmate- — The  climate  of  the  upper  province  is  tem- 
perate, especially  near  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  and 
farther  west,  joining  the  shore  of  Lake  £rie.  All  this 
part  of  the  province  lies  in  the  same  latitude  as  from 
New  York  to  Springfield,  in  Connecticut,  yet  as  it  is 
Several  degrees  to  the  west,  it  is  warmer  than  the  weath. 
er  in  the  same  latitude  east.  It  is  also  evident  from  the 
experience  and  journal  of  several  discerning  persons 
that  have  lived  near  twenty  years  in  this  part  of  Canadf , 
that  the  weather  does  not  change  so  often  and  so  sud. 
dea  from  heat  to  cold  and  cold  to  heat  as  in  most  other 
places ;  nor  are  the  seasons  of  wet  and  dry  so  extreme  as 
they  are  in  the  United  (especially  tue  southern)  States. 
The  showers  of  rain  are  moderate  and  plentiful,  owing 
perhaps  to  the  bounty  of  heaven,  and  the  multitude  of 
fine  lakes  of  water  with  which  this  province  abounds. 

The  air  of  tUe  lower  part  of  the  province  is  rather  too 
sharp  in  the  winter,  yet  salubrious  and  healthy ;  the  air 
in  the  upper  part  4  or  500  miles  to  the  south-west,  is 
quite  pleasant.  What  is  a  little  remarkable,  but  which 
is  true,  according  to  a  dairy  of  the  weather  which  I 
kept  for  two  years,  the  wind  blew  more  than  two  thirds 
of  the  winter,  or  for  four  months,  from  the  west,  but 
hardly  ever  from  the  north  or  north«west;  yet  in  sum* 


(  17  ) 


«er  it  blew  almost  constantly  irom  the  north.  All  the 
snow  storms  in  Canada  come  from  the  north-east,  and 
the  coldest  winds  from  the  south  east  and  south*  Rain 
storms  come  from  the  south  and  north-west. 

When  the  western  part  of  the  horizon  is  red,  at  tht 
setting  of  the  sun,  it  forebodes  foul  weather  for  the  next 
day.*  In  the  upper  part  of  this  province,  in  the  summer 
time,  there  is  a  continual  though  moderate  gale  of  wind, 
similar  to  that  in  the  state  of  Georgia,  occasioned,  per- 
haps, by  the  many  lakes  of  water.  This  being  the  ease, 
the  hottest  days  are  rendered  pleasant.  Hurricanes  and 
tornadoes  have  not  been  seen  in  Canada  since  it  hai 
heea  settled  by  white  people.  Yet  there  is  every  appear* 
ance  of  them  on  all  the  north  shore  of  Lake  OntariQ^ 
having  once  raged  with  great  fury,  as  all  the  timber 
has  been  torn  up  by  the  roots,  from  supposition  about , 
six  hundred  years  ago.  ' 

Commerce, — The  commerce  of  the  upper  province 
has  of  late  years  been  considerable,  and  of  great  benefit 
to  the  inhabitants,  as  well  as  to  Great  Britain.  Within 
eight  years,  the  exports  of  both  provinces  have  amount- 
ed to  about  two  millions  and  a  half  of  dollars,  though 
the  greatest  part  of  these  exports  belong  to  the  upper 
province.  ^l^f.^i 

It  appears  that  there  were  exported  from  both  pro- 
vinces, in  the  years  1802- 3-4-5,  1,612,000  bushels  of 
wheat  each  year,  on  an  average,  40,000  barrels  of  flour, 
and  34,000  weight  of  biscuit,  besides  much  pot-ash^ 
timber,  fur,  &,c. 

In  the  years  1809-10-11,  there  has  been  timber  for 


'li: 


I 

* 

f 
I' 


*  Thii  ii  eoDtnry  to  sGripturr* 


■■i.iii>rn  !inii^»i''*iriii*<V'i'iii'i<iiir"i-irwra"ii-  aniim,.  n  'jtim  »,-n^,iiy. 


•'ll  . 


:  i 


i 


f 


Ci' 


if  H' 


vessels  and  casks,  taken  to  England,  to  the  amount  oi 
200,000  pounds  sterling. 

>    In  these  years^^  there  were  three  hundred  and -twenty 

vessels  employed  in  taking  away  this  produce,  amount. 

ing  to  four  thousand  five  hundred  ions.    The  common 

price  of  wheat  is  one  dollar  per  bushel,  and  sometimes 

one  dollar  and  twenty-five  cents — com  fifty  cents,  and 

rye,   seventy-five  cents — poik  six  dollars  per  cwt.~. 

These  prices  are  common  in  every  part  of  the  province. 

.PM  Dry  goods  and  groceries  were biought  to  Canada,  in 

great  quantities,  from  the  United  States,  which  consid. 

ering  the  great  distance  they  came,  were  sold  very  cheap. 

y  At  Niagara  and  other  places,  green  tea  was  sold  at  one 

^     dollar  per  pound>  molasses  ten  shillings  per  gallon,  and 

brown  sugar  one  shilling  per  pound  or  eight  pounds 

^or  a  dollar,  but  since  the  war  it  has  been  sold  for  eight 

cents  per  pound. 

Tolerable  fine  calicoes  are  often  bought  for  twenty- 
five  cents  per  yard,  and  salt  has  been  generally  sold  at 
one  dollar  per  bushel,  but  since  the  war  it  has  sold  at 
four.*  .»..,«. 

^  Amrnais.'-^l  believe  that  all  the  variety  of  animals  com- 
mon to  most  places  in  the  United  States,  are  found  here^ 
except  opossums  and  rats,  which  are  not  to  be  found  in 
the  province  of  Upper  Canada. 

Vt  a  few  years  ago,  there  was  a  she  bear  caught  fiear 
York,  and  dissected  by  a  surgeon  of  the  place,  which 
was  found  to  be  with  young ;  and  which  is  the  only  in* 


U 


.'' 


*'^  OoM  is  the emrmit  eoin  of  Canada,  and  is  quite  pldty  of  late  yenc 
li>)pe  there  has  been  w  giood  a  market  fbr  timljer. 


e  amount  of 


stance,  1  believe,  that  has  occurred  of  the  Kke  in  Korth 
America.*  Bears  are  plenty  in  all  parts  of  th6  province, 
but  more  abundant  in  the  south-west  part.  It  is  very 
remarkable  that  they  do  not  often  destroy  hogs  in  Cana« 
da ;  however,  they  are  troublesome  to  the  inhabitants  in 
the  fall,  by  infesting  their  com  fields,  yet  the  people 
lose  little  by  them,  as  they  kill  many  for  food. 

There  are  also  an  abundance  of  hedge-hogs  in  the 
province,  which  the  Indians  eat,  counting  them  good. 
In  the  south-west  parts  there  are  a  plenty  of  deer,  an 
abundance  of  which  are  taken  every  winter  by  the  In- 
dians. '^ 

There  are  also  plenty  of  all  kinds  of  birds  which  are 
found  in  the  tJnitcd '  States,  except  turkey-buzzards, 
which  are  very  scarce  >  There  is  also  a  kind  of  bird 
found  here  about  the  size,  and  has  the  same  motion  and 
voice  as  the  parikite,  so  plenty  in  the  state  of  Kentucky, 
yet  not  of  the  same  color,  but  is  grey ;  it  is  called  by 
some  the  frolic.  Wild  ducks  are  found  in  great  plenty 
in  and  around  the  shores  of  all  the  lakes.  Geese  are 
not  plenty  in  the  waters  of  Lakes  Ontario  and  Grie  at 
present,  but  used  to  be  before  that  country  was  settled 
by  white  people,  yet  they  are  plenty  enough  in  all  the 
lakes  north  of  the  settlemenls* 

In  the  north  end  of  the  province  there  are  no  snakes 
of  any  kind  to  be  found,  but  different  sorts  are  found 
plenty  enough  in  the  'iOUth»west  end.     A  number  of 


if 


\l 


1 


y  of  late  yetr<; 


*  It  ii  nid  by  the  Indian  hunten,  tl^it  when  die  she  bean  are  with 
young,  they  travel  far  to  the  north,  and  lecret  thenif  lifcs  in  pUiQM  un- 
trod  by  humap  foot,  unMl after  their  «|ih«ai« 0t  to  tnivil. 

U 


•    U  l»i   1^  'Wi  I  I  ill  liiliiM 


MMMiMlAriWi 


:!  ;'( 


,11 


w 


.III  II 


years  ago  there  were  several  people  of  respectability, 
who  reported  that  they  saw  in  Lake  Ontario  several 
large  snakes,  aboyt  twenty  yards  in  length.  In  June, 
1811,  a  snake  was  seen  in  this  lake  near  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Credit,  sixteen  miles  above  York.  1  was  ac- 
quainted  with  some  who  saw  it,  and  believe  them  to  be 
people  of  truth*  It  came  within  seven  yards  of  the  boat  that 
they  were  in,  and  played  about  it,  and  was  judged  to  be 
thirty  feet  in  length  and  three  in  circumference.*  There 
are  seals  in  thi^  lake,  some  of  which  have  been  caught. 
Fish, — Lake  Ontario  abounds  with  fish  of  almost 
every  kind,  but  the  salmon  and  salmonjtrout  are  the 
most  and  far  the  best.  The  salmon  appear  in  very  large 
'  /quantities  in  the  fall  of  the  year,  and  penetrate  up  all 
the  waters  that  lun  into  the  lake,  so  high  that  they  are 
tiften  thrown  out  with  the  hand ;  but  they  are  commonly 
taken  near  the  mouth  of  the  rivers  by  the  Indians  in  the 
night  by  means  of  spears.  They  commonly  weigh  from 
,  ten  to  twenty  pounds,  and  may  be  purchased  of  the  In- 
dians at  one  shilling  each,  or  for  a  gill  of  whiskey,  a  cake 
of  bread,  or  the  like  trifle.  They  are  of  great  benefit  to 
the  inhabitants,  especially  the  poorer  class. 

The  salmon-trout  appear  in  the  spring,  though  not  in 
so  great  plenty,  but  are  larger,  weighing  from  fifteen  to 
thirty  pounds,  and  are  much  fatter  than  salmon.f 

*  From  the  head  of  the  Bay  Qiianiie  to  a  little  lake  that  empties  into 
Lake  Ontario,  it  is  not  more  than  a  mile  and  three  quarters.  It  is  very 
smooth.  At  differcnt  times  the  inhabitants  have  in  the  raoi-ning  seen 
tracks,  as  if  a  large  log  had  been  drawn  along  from  the  bay  to  the  lake; 
this  was  supposed  to  have  been  done  by  snakes. 

t  It  is  a  subject,  of  some  speculation  whether  these  salmon  go  to  the 


(  *1  > 


.:-■■<■ 


There  are  several  other  fish  of  an  excellent  quality, 
and  plenty,  particularly  bass  and  herring :  the  latter  very 
much  resemble  the  sea  herring,  thongh  they  are  not  so 
full  of  small  boties.  In  the  month  of  November  they  are 
taken  in  great  abundance  (rom  the  water  communication 
between  the  main  lake  and  the  little  lake,  otherwise 
called  Burlington  Bay,  at  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario. 
They  are  then  taken  with  the  net,  the  channel  of  water 
between  the  two  lakes  being  not  more  than  eight  feet 
deep  and  about  sixty  wide,  and  three  hundred  yards  long. 

Very  good  and  large  eels  are  also  taken  out  of  the 
lake,  yet  they  are  but  little  valued,  except  by  the  Indians. 

There  are  a  great  number  of  fish  in  Lake  Erie,  some 
of  which  are  very  valuable,  particularly  what  is  called 
the  white  fish. 

Ther6are  not  many  eels  in  this  lake;  what  few  there 
are  have  multiplied  from  twenty  which  a  Bi  itish  officer 
put  into  it  from  Lake  Ontario  forty  years  ago. 

Mines  and  Minerah* — In  the  Johnstown  district  there 
is  an  iron  mine  of  considerable  vaiue,  from  which  iron 
has  been  made  for  many  years. 

In  the  district  of  London,  Charlotteville  township, 
there  was  a  large  and  rich  body  of  iron  ore  discovered 
in  the  year  1810,  and  from  which  there  has  been  a  little 
iron  made  of  an  excellent  qua'ity.  There  are  several 
more  mines  or  bodies  of  iron  ore  found  in  different  part* 
of  the  province,  yet  there  is  but  little  attention  paid  to 
them,  though  they  might  be  valuable,  should  they  fall 


'i! 


ion  go  to  the 


sea  every  season  or  not,  if  tliey  do  they  have  to  travel  660  mile*  out,  and 
as  many  in,  which  would  be  1720  miles  in  eight  months. 


sacs 


'I  1 1 1 
I 


■ 


hi 


I   !-(    tj 


I 


(|U!  i 


:    'I 


I;     ? 


l\ 


(    S«    )    . 

into  the  pdssession  of  men  of  an  enterprising  spirit. 
Tliere  are  also  some  lead  mines  that  are  said  to  be  very 
rich  and  good. 

In  the  forks  of  Grand  River  which  empties  into  Lake 
£rie,  suid  about  fifty  miles  from  the  same,  on  the  land 
owned  by  the  Six  Nations  of  Indians,  there  has  lately 
been  discovered  a  body  of  plaister,  or  what  is  called 
plaister  of  Paris.  It  lays  in  the  bowels  of  a  large  hill, 
but  how  much  it  contains  is  not  known.  This  plaister 
has  been  used  in  different  parts  of  the  country  adjacent, 
and  answers  every  valuable  purpose,  as  well  as.  that 
\Thich  is  brought  from  France  or  Nova  Scotia  does  in 
the  United  States.  No  soil  can  be  better  adapted  to 
the  use  of  plaister,  than  that  of  the  district  of  London, 
which  joins  on  the  Grand  River. 

In  the  township  of  Townsend,  there  is  a  clay  that  paints 
nearly  as  well  as  Spanish  brown,  and  many  people  use 
it  instead  thereof.  Also  in  some  other  parts  there  are 
clays  that  paint  very  well.     » 

.  There  is  a  number  of  salt  springs  in  almost  every  part 
of  Canada,  although  there  has  not  been  much  salt  made 
in  the  province  hitherto,  it  having  been  brought  from 
the  different  salt.works  in  the  State  of  New. York,  in 
great  abundance.  However,  there  has  been  salt  made 
from  some  of  an  excellent  quality,  particularly  in  Lin. 
coin  county,  near  Niagara,  and  in  the  township  of  Per- 
cy^ Newcastle  district. 

There  are  a  number  of  medicinal  springs  in  the  pro. 
vince  of  an  excellent  quality.  One  in  the  township  of 
Woodhouse  is  of  a  sulphurous  nature :  a  quart  will 
purge  wellj  and  of  the  same  sort  is  the  one  in  JVfiddleton, 


(    23     ) 


I 


^1  Big  Creek.  Twelve  miles  east  of  York  there  is  a 
spring  of  great  medicinal  virtue. 

Lakes, — There  are  seven  lakes  of  considerable  size 
in  the  inhabited  part  of  the  province,  and  many  more 
in  the  ydldemess.  Lake  Ontario  is  about  230  miles 
long,  from  north-east  to  south-west,  and  SO  wide  about 
the  middle;  being  of  an  oval  form  ;  it  is  exceeding  deep, 
and  in  most  places  it  appears  to  be  without  bottom,  as 
there  has  been  great  length  o!  cord  let  down  without 
finding  any.  The  water  is  very  clear  and  cool  at  all 
times  of  the  year,  having  the  appearance  of  a  large 
spring.  This  lake  never  freezes  except  near  the  shore 
where  it  is  shallow ;  nor  dees  it  freeze  there  only  a  few 
weeks  in  the  most  severe  weather,  it  is  pretty  certain 
that  there  is  more  water  runs  out  of  this  lake  than  runs 
in,  and  when  we  consider  its  very  extensive  surface,  it 
is  also  certain  that  there  is  much  of  its  water  evaporated 
by  the  sun :  ofcourse.it  must  hide  many  exceeding  large 
springs. 

Lake  Ontario  has  sunk  within  its  banks  since  the  no* 
tice  of  the  present  inhabitants,  say  forty  years,  an^  some 
Indians  inform  that  their  forej&thers  say  that  it  was  once 
a3  high  as  the  height  of  Niagara  Falls,  and  that  the  waters 
of  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie  joined  in  most  places ;  but 
as  to  the  truth  of  this  assertion  I  will  not  pretend  to  say  ; 
yet  I  am  of  opinion  that  the  water  of  Lake  Ontario  once 
reached  to  the  foot  of  the  mountain  or  slope  of  ground- 
already  named,  and  1  am  led  to  this  belief  from  the  cir- 
cumscance  of  pebble  stoHes  being  dug  up  from  every 
part  of  the  surface,  and  underneath  the  same,  betwe^^ 


f: 


::;* 


I 


I 


'Hi 


^1 


(  a*  ) 


it  and  the  thore.  The  foot  of  the  mountain  is  twenty 
feet  higher  than  the  lake. 

There  are  not  many  islands  in  this  lake,  except  near 
the  lower  end,  where  there  are  plenty. 

In  many  places  the  ground  descends  to  the  water  very 
gradually,  and  there  is  no  bank  at  all,  except  a  sandy  or 
gravelly  beach ;  but  in  other  places  the  banks  are  fitteen 
feet  high.* 

The  wind  has  a  great  effect  upon  this  lake,  and  the 
waves  sometimes  run  high  ;  yet  it  is  tolerably  safe  for 
navigation,  there  being  but  few  shoals  or  rocks  at  any 
distanr  e  from  the  shore. 

There  are  a  number  of  vessels  on  this  lake,  and  some 
of  considerable  size.  The  sight  of  so  great  a  body  of 
water  in  the  midst  of  the  wilderness,  enriched  with  ships 
Bailing  and  colors  flying,  is  truly  pleasing  and  roman- 
tic.f 

The  Little  Lake,  or  Burlington  Bay,  lies  at  the  south* 
V^west  end  of  thiij  lake,  and  is  divided  from  it  by  a  cause, 
way,  five  miles  long,  and  in  most  places  three  hundred 
yards  wide ;  the  surface  of  this  causeway  is  completely 
level  J  of  a  light  sand,  matted  over  with  grass,  and  beau- 
tifully decorated  with  groves  of  timber,  chiefly  oak  of  a 
middle  size,  but  of  an  endless  variety  of  curious  forms — 
some  six  feet  in  circumference  at  the  butt,  yet  not  more 
than  twelve  feet  high,  with  extensive  limbs,  crooking 
and  turning  in  all  directions.  A  great  number  of  these 
trees  are  entirely  encircled  with  grape  vines,  and  pro- 


*  Almoit  iUl  ttie  north  ihore  hai  high  iMinki.' 

f  There  are  maoy  prMpecUve  lituatioQi  on  the  \twkt  of  tbii  Itke. 


( 


?s 


) 


duce  great  quantities  of  grapes  of  an  excellent  quality. 
The  former  residence  of  the  noted  Col.  Brandt  is  near 
this  place.  This  causeway  is  broken  off  in  one  place, 
as  aheady  noted,  about  a  mile  from  the  north-west  shore, 
and  is  about  6ve  feet  higher  than  the  water.  It  is  a  beau, 
tiful  place  for  a  summer  seat,*  The  Little  Lake  to  the 
'.i'est  of  this  causeway  is  about  twenty  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  is  generally  shallow,  although  deep  in  some 
places. 

It  is  thoug,ht  there  are'  salt  springs  in  the  bottom  of 
this  lake,  because  the  herring  chiefly  reside  in  ic.  It  is 
famous  for  ducks  and  eels.f 

There  are  a  considerable  number  of  harbors  in  Lake 
Ontario,  but  thf  most  noted  and  curious  is  that  of 
Presqu'isle,  in  thejdistrict  of  New-castje,  Cracnahe  town- 
ship, on  the  lake  shore,  ahout  75  miles  south-west  of 
Kingston.  There  are  two  points  of  land  about  four 
miles  apart,  which  extend  out  from  the  main  shore,  but 
draw  nearer  each  other  as  they  extend  into  the  lake,  and 
finally  meec  in  a  rounding  form,  about  5  mi'cs  from  the 
shore.  These  arms  of  land  are  level  on  the  top,  and  arc 
about  5  or  8  feet  above  the  water.  About  3  miles  from 
the  shore,  there  is  a  channel  of  water  which  runs 
through  the  east  point  of  land,  about  150  yards  wide, 
and  30  feet  deep.  This  channel  lets  in  the  vessels, 
which  can  sail  all  over  the  harbor  with  safety,  and  in 
going  up  to  the  top,  or  where  the  two  arms  meet,  which 


4 

Hi 


.1 


*  Not  far  fVom  tlie  middle  there  Me  a  number  of  Indians  Iniricd.  In 
tlie  winter  of  1810,  ihii  oauieway  waa  shaken  in  a  violent  luaiUR'r  by  an 
turthqiinkc. 

t  Not  fun-  frani  this  Imy  there  is  a  volcano  of  to  nc  note. 
B3 


.  ■* 


I 


;?«: 


mm 


'iU 


I  !■ 


'.; 


(    26     ) 

id  in  form  like  a  horse-shoe,  the  largest  ships  may  come 
close  up  to  the  banks,  wl\ich  are  perpendicular  of 
solid  rock.  A  plank  is  put  from  the  shore  to  the  vessel, 
when  it  is  to  be  loaded. 

The  Bay  |Q,uantie  connects  with  Lake  Ontario,  a 
small  distance  west  of  Kingston,  and  extends  70  miles 
west  up  towards  the  south.west,  parrallel  with  it.  It 
is  1  mile  wide  in  some  places  and  6  in  others.  There 
are  a  considerable  number  of  arms,  or  smaller  bays, 
which  put  out  from  it,  some  10  miles  long.  This  bay  is 
very  safe  for  navigation,  being  very  deep,  and  secure 
from  the  effect  of  high  winds.  Most  of  the  traders^ 
with  small  vessels,  who  go  from  Kingston  to  York, 
Niagara,  or  Detroit,  pass  up  this  bay  to  the  head,  which 
is  only  1  mile  and  3  quarters  from  a  small  lake  called 
Willow's  Lake,  that  puts  into  Lake  Ontario,  and  here 
the  vessels  are  carried  across  by  means  of  wheels  and 
oxen«  The  road  is  quite  level  and  sandy.  Those  tra- 
ders who  come  down  Lake  Ontario  generally  cross 
this  carrying  place  into  the  bay.  Although  the  Bay 
Quantie  and  the  Lake  Ontario  are  so  near  here,  yet 
they  are  30  miles  apart  in  some  places,  owing  to  an  ex^ 
tensive  projection  of  some  points  of  land  into  the  lake, 
and  no  doubt  their  being  so  near  at  the  head  of  the  bay, 
is  an  interposition  of  providence  fot  the  benefit  of  the 
inhabitants. 

There  are  several  small  lakes  in  the  peninsula  between 
the  lake  and  the  ba},  which  abound  with  fish,  one  of 
which  deserves  particular  notice,  called  the  Mountain 
Lake.* 

*  The  description  of  thU  lake  may  be  wen  under  the  article  Curiosity. 


(    27    ) 


Near  the  head  of  the  Bay  Quantie,  on  the  north  side, 
there  is  a  lake  of  considerable  size,  called  the  Hog 
Lake,  as  also  several  others  not  far  distant.  About 
20  miles  west  of  the  head  of  the  Bay  Quantie,  and  15 
miles  north  of  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  is  situated 
what  is  called  the  Rice  Lake,  on  account  of  the  great 
quantity  of  rice  which  grows  in  it.  This  lake  is  froQi 
3"  to  9  miles  wide,  and  36  in  length,  though  not  very 
deep.  Its  course  is  from  east  to  west ;  the  west  end  is 
not  far  from  Lake  Simcoe.  At  the  east  end  there  is  a 
fall  of  eighteen  feet  perpendicular,  in  the  form  of  a  half 
moon.*  Below  the  ialls,  begins  what  is  called  the  river 
Trent,  which  is  tolerable  large,  and  affords  many  falls 
fit  for  water-works  :  it  empties  into  the  Bay  Quantie  at 
the  head.  This  lake  communicates  with  a  chain  of 
small  lakes  called  the  Shallow  Lakes,  which  afford  rice 
also,  and  extends  near  the  north  end  of  Lake  Simcoe : 
Lake  Simcoe  lies  still  west  of  Rice  Lake,  and  is  some, 
thing  larger.  It  communicates  with  Lake  Huron  to  the 
south-west  by  the  river  Severn. 

Lake  Erie,  which  lies  30  miles  from  any  part  of  Lake 
Ontario,  on  the  south-west  is  nearly  300  miles  long, 
from  north-east  to  south-west,  and  from  20  to  40  miles 
wide.  This  lake  lies  nearly  three  hundred  feet  higher 
than  Lake  Ontario,  which  is  the  reason  of  the  Niagara 
falls.    It  is  also  pure  and  clear  water, though  not  so  deep 


H 


*  The  land  around  these  falli  U  very  rich,  well  watered,  clear  of  itone 

on  tlie  surface,  light  timbered,  lays  hamlsome  and  pci'»pective,  tliough  a 

wilderness  now.    Should  some  enterprizing  gentlenun  establish  ttteni* 

selves  here,  and  eitK:t  wateivworks,  this  would  soon  be  a  valuable  place. 

The  distance  firooi  these  falls  down  to  the  Bay  Quantie  is  20  miles  only. 

B  4t 


r      ! 


!■    ■,    .III 


^s  Lake  Ontario^  nor  is  it  so  safe  for  navigation,  or  scf^ 
fords  so  many  fine  harbors.  There  are  someisUnds  near 
the  west  end  of  this  lake  that  contain  many  bad  snakes. 
The  shore  of  this  lake  in  most  places  is  nearly  level  with 
the  land,  and  very  smooth  and  sandy.  It  is  thought  that 
full  as  much  water  runs  out  of  this  lake  as  runs  in.* 

There  are  other  lakes  in  Canada.  The  Lake  St. 
Clair  lies  in  a  north-westerly  course  from  Lake  Krie. 
Still  further  to  the  north-west  is  Lake  Huron,  100 
miles  in  circumference,  in  latitude  42.  From  Lake  Hu- 
ron through  the  straits  of  St.  Mary,  it  is  70  miles  to  Lake 
Superior,  which  is  1500  miles  in  circuit,  and  lies  be- 
tween 46  and  50  degrees  north  latitude,  and  between 
84'  and  90  degrees  west  longitude  from  London.  The  Isle 
Royal,  which  is  near  the  middle  of  this  lake,  is  100 
miles  long  and  40  wide.  In  the  middle  of  this  island  is 
the  line  between  the  United  States  and  Gi\"at  Britain. 

hiven. — Although  Canada  is  a  level  country,  yet  it  is 
not  so  low  and  flat  as  not  to  afford  any  streams  of  water, 
but  on  the  contrary  has  many,  which  run  clear  and  af- 
ford excellent  falls  for  waterworks ;  the  principal  of 
which  are  the  following  : 

The  Ottaways  riverf  is  a  large  stream  that  rises  out  of 
Lake  Tomis  canting  and  runs  a  south-east  course.  It 
is  the  line  between  the  two  provinces  for  some  distance, 
and  crosses  into  the  lower  province,  and  empties  into 
the  river  St.  Lawrence  above  and  below  Montreal.  The 


•  Lake  Erie  extends  60  miles  north-east  of  the  head,  or  west  erol  of 
lakelOntario.  To  draw  a  line  due  south,  from  the  west  end  of  Lake  Om 
tario  to  Lake  Erie,  it  would  sirlke  it  00  miles  from  the  east  end. 

t  Thjs  rir^ris  lomiCj^iQea  oaHad  Grand  diver,  thou|;h  net  pra^r ' 


(    29    ) 


^x.y 


spring  floodsfn  this  river  rise  in  the  month  of  June,  and 
inundates  its  banks  and  often  spoils  the  farmer's  young 
crop.  The  reason  of  this  is,  the  river  extends  so  great 
la  distance  to  the  north-west,  where  the  spring  does  not 
begin  until  the  last  of  May,  and  by  the  time  the  snow  is 
thawed,  and  the  ice  in  the  lake  broken  up,  and  the  wa« 
ter  descends  to  the  settled  parts  of  the  province,  naar 
the  mouth  of  the  river,  it  is  the  middle  of  June.  There 
are  a  great  number  of  fish  of  various  sorts  in  this  river^ 
Theieaie  considerable  falls  in  it,  though  none  of  a  per- 
pendicular descent. 

There  are  several  more  rivers  in  the  lower  part  of 
the  province  which  empty  into  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  al- 
so abound  with  fish.  The  river  Cananocqua,  which  emp- 
ties into  it  14  miles  below  Kingston,  is  of  considerable 
Size. 

What  is  called  My  re's  Creek,  which  empties  into  the 
Biy  Q,aantie,  from  the  north,  50  miles  from  Kings- 
ton, is  considerable  large,  very  clear  and  pure,  and 
runs  near  the  surface  of  the  ground,  affords  fine  falls 
for  water-works,  and  abounds  with  fish. 

The  river  Trent,  already  named,  empties  into  the 
head  of  the  Bay  Quantie  from  the  Rice  Lake ;  is  large 
and  abounds  with  fish. 

Many  hundred  barrels  of  excellent  salmon  are  taken 
out  of  this  river  every  fall. 

From  the  head  of  the  Bay  Quantie,  for  70  miles  to- 
wards the  south-west,  up  the  Lake  Ontario,  there  are 
no  rivers  of  any  considerable  size  that  empty  into  the 
lake;   yet  there  are  an  abundance  of  small  and  pearly 


i 


■  n 


rv 


f 


'  1 '  > 


h 


I      'i 


I 


I     ;  . 

I  ! 


'  (    30     ) 

creeks  and  brooks — ^indeed  it  is  the  best  watered  part  in 
Canada.  Smith's  and  Lion's  Creeks  are  streams  of 
some  note. 

What  is  called  Diiffen's  Creek,  is  a  fine  stream, 
abounding  with  fish  ;  it  empties  into  Lake  Ontario  30 
miles  below,  or  north.east  of  York. 

The  river  Rush  empties  into  the  lake  1 8  miles  below 
York  ;  it  is  tolerable  large,  and  navigable  for  boats  20 
miles  up. 

From  this  river  there  is  an  abundance  of  salmon 
taken  every  fall.  Still  up  towards  the  hei\d  of  Lake 
Ontario,  there  are  a  number  more  of  fine  str  airis. 

Sixteen  miles  above  York,  empties  into  the  lake,  the 
river  Credit.  This  is  one  of  the  best  rivers  in  Canada 
for  salmon  ;  it  is  tolerable  large.  The  salmon  are  taken 
out  of  this  and  other  rivers  in  the  night,  by  means  of 
spears.  The  fishermen  have  an  iron  frame  fixed  in  the 
fore  part  of  their  canoes,  in  which  they  place  pine-knots 
and  fire  for  light.  They  then  paddle  along  in  the  river, 
and  see  the  salmon  floating  near  the  surface  of  the  wa- 
ter, where  they  come  by  the  influence  of  the  light. 
They  are  quite  tame,  and  are  struck  with  ease.  The 
salmon  come  up  the  rivers,  in  lafj^e  quantities  toge- 
ther on  purpose  to  spawn.* 

Ten  miles  farther  up  the  lake,  empties  in  what  is 
called  the  Sixteen-mile  Creek,  which  is  tolerably  large 
«nd  famous  for  fish.    Five  miles  farther  is  what  is  call- 

•  Whenever  the  Indlnns  sold  nny  part  of  Upper  Cnniula  to  the  king 
of  'England,  they  rewivwl  ihc  cretkt  that  ron  into  Lake  Ontario,  andi 
some  inod  on  each  side. 


(  31,) 

fed  the  Twelve-mile  Creek,  a  beautiful  stream,  abound- 
[ing  with  fish,  and  many  fine  falls  for  water>works. 

There  are  several  fine  streams  that  run  into  the  head 
of  Lake  Ontario  and  Burlington  Bay. 

The  Chippeway  river  runs  into  the  Niagara  river  3 
miles  above  the  falls,  and  is  tolerable  large  and  long« 
What  is  called  U-ie  Twenty-mile  Creek,  rises  near  the 
head  ot  the  Chippeway,  from  a  large  pond,  flows  a 
north-east  course,  and  plunges  down  the  slope  of  ground 
already  described,  by  several  perpendicular  pitches  in 
different  places,  afibrding  excellent  seats  for  water* 
works.  It  empties  into  Lake  Ontario  16  miles  west  of 
Niagara. 

The  Fifteen,  Sixteen,  Seventeen,  Thirty,  and  Forty- 
mile  Creeks,  all  ixin  into  Lake  Ontario,  and  plunge 
:  over  the  slope  and  afford  fine  falls. 

The  river  Niagara,  or  out-let  of  Lake  Erie,  is  very 

large  before  it  empties  into  Lake  Ontario,  but  is  still 

larger  after  it  leaves  the  lake,  or  river  St,  Lawrence. 

[This  river  will  be  fully  described  under  the  head  «  Cu- 

[rioiities." 

There  are  several  considerable  streams  that  run  into 
|Lake£rie. 

The  Grand  River  is  a  considerable  large  stream  of 

I  exceeding  clear  water,  libing  from  the  small  Lake  St. 

Clie.    It  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  considerable  size  for 

50  miles  from  its  mouth,  it  empties  into  Lake  Erie*  60 


at 


^ 


IM 


If 


*I  think  it  proper  to  rectify  a  mistake  which  tome  how  got  into 
i  V  <  Geography,  printed  in  Boston,  1811,  where  this  Grand  River  h 
presented  at   **  paising  through  Uice  Lake  and  mingling  with  the  wa- 
;ei'sofOaurio«** 


^.<ji  H*    i 


r. 


m 


1 1 


in. 


i' 


r 


I 


M' 


V 


■•r 
1  ■•* ' 


V 


miles  from  t)ie  cast  end,  and  contains  many  fine  iish, 
This  river^is,!^  the  possession  of  the  Six  Nations  of  In- 
dians ;  thcjr  own  6  miles  of  land  on  each  side  of  it  fromj 
^the  mouth  to  the  head. 

The  Thames  is  large  and  beautiful,  rising  near  the  I 
head  of  the  Grand  River,  and  runs  nearly  a  south 
course  into  the  waters  that  come  from  Lake  Superior 
into  the  head  of  Lake  Erie,  it  empties  30  miles  above 
Sandwich.  There  are  a  number  more  of  fine  streams 
that  run  into  Lake  Erie;  such  as  Big  Creek,  passing 
through  Middleton  and  Houghton  townships  ;  as  also 
Kettle  and  Otter  Creeks,  in  Middlesex  county, 

//26^ia}2S.— There  are  seven  distinct  nations  of  Indians  I 
in  the  inhabited  part  of  Canada ;    six  of  these  nations 
live  on  the  Grand  River  already  noted,  viz.   the  Mo*| 
hawks,  the  Chippeways,  the  Delawares,  the  Massasau- 
gas,*  the  Tuscaroras,  and  Senacas.    Each  of  these  na- 
tions have  their  king  or  chief,  and  their  village  andcoun* 
cil  house.      They  also  speak  different  languages,  yet  I 
understand  each  other  very  well.     These  six  nations  off 
Indians  on  the  Grand  River,  in  number  1976,  have  at-f 
tained  to  a  tolerable  degree  oi  civilization.    They  speak 
t^e  English  language  with  some  propriety,  and  have 
schools  and  the  gospel  continually  among  them.     The 
school  teachers  are  paid   by  the  king,   and  aIso  their 
preacher.     A  number  of  these  Indians  have  very  good 
Eni^lish  learning,  and  are  very  industrious  :    some  of 
the  families  have  raised  in  one  year  three  hundred  bush- 
eld  of  wheat.    They  are  very  kind  to  strangers,  and  will 

•  Thwe  Mamsnugas  were  tlie  orisiiial  proprietors  ,of  Upper  Canad^  I 
and  are  now  the  most  numrrous. 


I, 


(    33    ) 


rive  the  best  of  their  food  or  drink  to  them^  They  arc 
ill  firmly  attached  to  the  interest  of  the  British  govern- 
lent,  and  are  exercised  in  the  military  use  of  arms, 
leveral  times  in  the  year.  They  can  muster  600  warri- 
ors ;  though  the  Massasaugas  are  not  good  to  fight,  nor 
)r  any  thing  else  There  are  a  conbiderable  number 
)f  this  tribe  residing  in  other  parts  of  the  province, 
^ome  on  the  Sixteen-mile  creek,  above  York,  already 
lamed ;  others  on  the  bank  of  the  Lake  Simcoe,  and 
)thers  on  the  Rice  Lake. 

Besides  those  of  the  Mohawks  on  the  Grand  River^ 
^here  are  a  consider  able  number  living  near  the  Bay 
tuantie,  on  the  north  side,  about  the  middle  They 
>wn  a  tract  of  land  twelve  miles  square,  and  have 
ichools,  and  the  gospel  among  them  also. 

There  is  a  small  tribe  of  Indians  called  the  St  Re- 
ds Indians,  living  on  the  river  St.  Regis,  near  the  low- 
^r  part  of  the  province.  There  is  also  a  small  tribe  called 
le  Moravian  Indians,  living  in  the  western  district ; 
ley  have  the  gospel  preached  to  them  by  the  Dutch 
[oi  avians,  among  whom  they  live  :  they  are  of  the  De- 
IV  are  tribe.     On  some  islands  near,  and  in  Lake  H\»* 
,  there  are  a  considerable  number  of  Indians,  called 
i  Huron  Indians,  and  are  great  waniors. 
Near  the  head  of  the  Ottaway  river,  there  is  a  small 
ibe  of  Indians,   called  the  Nepisingui  Indians :    they 
Ive  on  a  lake  of  the  i:<ame  name,  and  were  once  con* . 
[erted  to  the  Roman  Catholic  religion,  at  which  time 
ley  were  a  numerous  tribe.     They  are  of  the  Algon- 
lin  nation,  some  of  which  now  reside  about  Lake  Su* 
trior. 


■i 

n  I 
P 

4 


1  ;; 


iui 


I>  ! 


'i  i| 


'f  i 


(34    ) 

There  axa  a  number  of  Indians  of  different  nations  be<  i 
sides  those  that  1  have  named,  though  they  have  bat 
little  intercourse  with  the  British,  except  that  they  trade 
with  them  by  the  agents,  ani  make  them  yearly  pre- 
sents of  a  great  amount. 

There  are  various  accounts  respecting  the  number  ofl 
Indians    in    Canada*     Some   suppose  that   there  are 
100,000,  and  out  of  these  there  may  be  raised  30,000 1 
warriors ;  yet  I  think  this  is  not  correct ;    indeed  ^  1  be- 
lieve  that  the  Biitish  government  do  not  know  the  num- 
ber of  all  that  consider  themselves  connected  with  it,  as| 
all  the  different  nations  never  meet  together  at  once.* 

The  Canadian  Indians  cost  the  British  crown  about! 
c^3000  sterling  each  year.     This  sum  is  expended  inl 
furnishing  them  with   fire  arms  and  ammunition,  byl 
means  of  which  they  kill  their  game ;   also  in  blankets 
and  clothes  to  cover  their  nakedness  ;  as  also  bread, 
meat,  and  tobacco.     These  things  are  called  (4^  from 
the  king,  but  are  chiefly  the  interest  of  money  in  ''wTig- 
land  belonging  to  the  Six  Nations,  for  land  sold  to  the 
.king.      However,  I  am  of  opinion  that  those  things 
which  they  get  from  the  king's  stores,  do  them  morel 
harm  than   good,  as  thereby  they  are  encouraged  tof 
live  in  idlenes.^,  depending  on  thos^  gifts,  which  they| 
receive  twice  a  year. 

Should  part  of  this  amount  be  given  to  them  in  her- 


*  I  am  of  opinion  that  at  present,  September  1812,  which  is  sinctl 
the  invasion  of  Canada,  that  the  British  hnve  now  in  their  interest,  iftl 
eluding  Tecumseh,  Splitlog,  and  Walk-in-the>water,  with  their  people! 
nearly  20,000  warriors,  though  it  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  more  tluin| 
h^lf  of  them  «(gi  bt  ens^tS^l  in  the  war  at  once* 


(    35    ) 


them  in  hor- 


ses, cows,  5heep  and  hogs,  as  also  farming  utensils^ 
and  the  rest  to  all  such  that  at  the  end  of  each  year 
had  raised  more  produce  than  they  needed,  it  would 

i  he  a  discouragement  to  idleness,  and  a  stimulus  to  in* 
dustr}'. 

The  most  of  the  Indians  m  the  province  of  Upper  Ca- 
nada have  been  converted  from  idolatry  to  the  belief  of 

[the  Christian  religion,  by  the  labor  of  the  Roman  Ca- 
tholic priests,  when  the  province  belonged  to  the 
French  ;  but  ever  since  the  p^'ovince  has  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  British,  tiiete  has  not  been  so  much  atten- 

i  tion  paid  to  the  religious  instruction  of  the  Indians  as 
fo»*.nerly.     What  are  taught  in  tlie  Christian  faith  are  of 

[the  Protestant  cast :  vet  the  vourifi  Indians  do  not  know 
or  care  any  thing  about  any  kind  of  leligion. 

'  ■  fit  • 

Notwithstanding    the  IrdiariS    have   formerly   been 

taught  by  the  Catholics  in  the  principles  of  the  Chris- 

jtian  faith,  and  at  present  the  Protestants  preach  among 

I  them,   as  do  some  other  sects,  they  still  hold  some  of 

those  traditional  notions  relative  to  God  and  the  soul, 

which  are  very  curious. 

In  the  summer  they  lay  about  the  lakes,  and  now  and 
then  catch  sturgeon  and  eels. 

These  Indians  arfc  considerable  troublesome  to  the 

[white  people,  especially  the  tribe  of  Massasaugas,  as 

they  are  wandering  through  the  country  almost  conti- 

I  nually,  and  begging  something  to  eat ;   and  when  they 

get  drunk,  which  is  as  often  as  they  can  get  a  chance^ 

they  are  quarrelsome,  and  many  times  dangerous. 

The  armour  of  the   Indians  in  time  of  war,  is  a  ri- 
fle,  a  spear  about  eighteen  inches  long  with  a  handle 


f  f 


mi  I 


"         (    36    )    - 

cij^ht  feet,  a  tomahawk,  and  scalping-knife,  all  of  whicli 
they  use  as  instruments  of  death. 

The  Indians  in  Canada,  like  all  other  Indians,  dress 
very  indifferently,  though  they  get  much  fine  cloth 
from  the  king's  store,  which  they  only  throw  over 
their  dirty  bodies,  and  in  a  little  time  all  is  filthy  toge> 
'Sier.  In  the  summer,  they  are  chiefly  naked,  except « 
WiE%  covering  around  the  waist.  The  women  are  parti, 
cularly  careful  of  their  legs  below  their  knees,  if  all 
other  parts  are  naked. 

Villages, — There  are  not  many  villages  in  the  pro- 
vince  of  Upper  Canada,  of  much  note,  the  inhabitants 
finding  their  greatest  advantage  in  agriculture,  as  the 
land  is  very  cheap  and  fertile. 


CORNWALL, 

Is  situated  about  130  miles  down  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence; is  handsome  but  not  large. 

* 

'  PRESCOTT, 


'^i 


Is  70  miles  down  the  same  river,  and  stands  opposite 
io  (^densborg  on  the  United  States'  side;  it  is  small, 
^here  i^  a  fort  and  garrison  kept  here. 


BROCKVILLE, 


Lies  12  miles  higher  up  the  river,  and  is  handsomely 
^tuated^  containing  about  sixty  holisfes. 


(  37  ) 


\ 


KINGSTON, 


j^tanda.  a  few  miles  belOgW  the  head  of*the  St.Xaw- 
rence,  opposite  to  Wolf  Island,  which  19  the  means  of 
forming  a  sate  and  commodious  harbor.  It  contains 
about  one  hundred  and  fifty  houses,  a  court-house,  jail, 
and  two  houses  for  public  worship.  The  fort  in  this 
place  is  temporary,  the  cannon  ire  small.  It  is  a  place 
of  much  trade.  There  are  several  more  small  villages 
on  the  banks  of  the  Bay  of  Quantie,  and  are  places  of 
some  trade,  al}  of  which  increase  and  flourish  rapidly. 


■■'   ''■:.'•  ■'!  '?"■  ■  »-^ "";/■■  r 


YORK, 


'  ■>'. 


>**- 


ver  St.  Law* 


Is  situated  1 70  miles  south-west  of  Kington,  on  the 

north  shore  of  Lake  Ontai  io,  and  is  something  larger 

than  the  former.    This  village  is  laid  out  after  the  form 

of  Philadelphia,  the  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right 

angles ;    though  the  ground  on  which  it  stands  is  not 

suitable  for  building.    This  at  present  is  the   seat  of 

government,  and  the  residence  of  a  number  of  Englibh 

gentlemen.     It  contains  some  fine  buildings,  though 

they  stand  scattering,  among  which  are  a  court*house, 

council  house,  a  large  brick  building  in  which  the  king's 

store  for  the  place  is  kept,  and  a  meetingnhouBe  for 

Episcopalians,  one  printing,  and  other  offices.  This  cii;y 

lies  in  north  latitude  43  degrees  and  some  minutes. 

The  harbor  in  front  of  the   city  is  commodious,  safe 

and  beautiful,  and  is  formed  after  a  curious  manner. 

About  3  miles  below^  or  east  of  the  city,  there  extends 

C 


li 


out  from  the  main  shore,  an  arm  or  neck  of  land  about  j 
one  hundred  yaids  wide,  nearly  in  the  form  of  a  rain- 
bow,  until  it  connects  with  the  main  shore  again,  about 
a  mile  above  or  west  of  the   citv,  between  it  and  where 
the  lort  stands.     About  three  hundred  yards  from  the 
shore,  and  as  many  from  the  fort,  there  is  a  channel 
through  this  circular  island  merely  sufhcient  for  the  *| 
pasi.age  of  large  vessels.     This  bason,  which  in  the  mid*  U 
^|e  is  2  miles  wide,  is  very  deep  and  without  rocks,  or 
any  thing  of  the  kind.     While  the  water  of  the  main 
lake  which  is  30  miles  wide  in  this  place,  is  tost  as  the 
waves  of  the  sea,  this  ba^on  remains  smooth.    The  fort 
in  this  place  is  not  strong,  but  the  British  began  to 
build  a  very  strong  one  in  the  year  1811,  ^ 


■■;"-*. 


C  •-  r'>fi 


NIAGARA,* 


.  Is  situated  nearly  opposite  York,  on  the  south  side 
of  the  lake,  at  the  point  of  land  formed  by  the  conjunc* 
tion  of  the  out>let  of  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario.  It  is  a 
beautiful  and  prospective  place,  being  surrounded  on 
two  sides  by  water,  the  lake  on  the  north,  and  the 
i^iagara  river  on  the  east,  and  which  afford  a  fine  har- 
bor for  shippping.  .         '   . 

Fort  George  of  this  place  stands  about  half  a  mile 
from  the  mouth^f  this  river,  near  the  bank  whce  it  is 
thiity-four  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water;  it  is. 
nearly  square,  enclosing  a  space  of  about  one  hundred 

*  Tilts  pUce  wns  burnt  by  order  of  General  M'Clure,  of  the  New  York ! 
Militia,  in  lX:ceuibcr,  1813. 


^1'. 


v(    39    ) 

[and  fifty  yards  Ion;;  and  an  hundred  l-»road.    The  pick- 

iets  are  high  and  stroHjj;,  detetided  by  a  ditch  on  the 
outside,  and  breast  works  on  the  inside.     It  is  well  pro- 

[vided  with  cannon,  ammunition,  water,  provision  and 
the  like.     This  village  is  a  pla-^e  of  much  trade,   and 

lis  inhabited  by  a  civil  and  industrious  people.  It  con- 
tains a  council-house,  couit-house  and  jail,  and  two 
houses  for  public  worship.  There  are  several  squares 
of  ground  in  this  village  adorned  with  almost  every  kind 
of  precious  fiuit.  The  front  part  of  the  village,  on  the 
east,  looks  towaids  the  fort,   over  a  beaiitiiul   pbiin  of 

{nearly  1  mile  wide.  .  ^        , 


f.>  ■■• 


QUEENSTON,f 


'.M^00f*- 


Is  situated  7  miles  further  up  the  Niagara  river,  close 
[by  the  foot  of  the  mountain,  or  slope  of  ground  already 
[noted  at  what  is  called  the  landing.  It  is  a  small  but 
|handsom«  village :  the  most  of  the  houses  are  built  with 
M  stone  or  brick,  1|irge,  and  well  finished.  It  is  «ilso  a 
^^i|  place  of  considerable  trade,  and  inhabited  by  a  civil  and 
[rich  people. 


!', 


CIIIPPEWAV, 


'  the  New  York 


Lies  10  miles  above  Queenston  and  2  above  the  Nia- 
garafalls  ;  itis  asmall  villaije  a  the  mouth  of  t.he  C'.'ppe- 
way  creek.  It  has  some  handsome  buildings,  and  is  a 
place  of  considerable  trade. 


.  »»•  - 


t  It  wtt«  nt  tliii  place  the  American*  ci'oiifil  on  the  13th  of  Oolob'^r. 
River  nine  tmuthcd  yards  wide. 


!l 


M,  ( 


II  i. 


»  t 


m 


*-s 


(  ♦<>  ) 


FORT  ERIE.  -     •    , 

There  is  a  small  village  at  this  place  of  some  beauty, 
the  inhabitants  of  which  carry  on  a  considerable  trade 
from  the  lake.  *     ;:^.     i  f^  ^,t^^/A 

,„.,      TURKEY-POINT,  .,,/,,  .V 


Is  situated  about  60  miles  south-west  of  Fort  Erie, 
on  the  lake  shore  in  the  district  of  London,  a  little  north 
of  Long  Point.  It  stands  in  a  beautiful  place  adjoin- 
ing an  excellent  country  of  land«  and  has  a  handsome 
«ourt-hous€  and  jail.  «  v   ■- 

•  ,  •■  .',,  ..;■  ■'  •.    '-■■  -.■  ■  •  ■  '    •  .    <;     ,  _    ■     .;  ' 

. 'f^ir  V  ^  /   ,?  >^    PORT  TALBERT,  v7   ^.v 

^  Lies  64  miles  farther  to  the  south-west  on  the  lake 
shore.  A  town  was  laid  out  here  in  1807,  and  bids  fair 
for  a  considerable  place.  It  has  a  6ne  harbor  for 
shipping.  .,  ^     r  ►    ». 

MALDEN.* 

This  fort  and  village  is  si;uate  at  the  south-west  end 
or  head  of  Lake  Erie,  14  miles  south  of  Detroit.  It  is 
a  pleasant  place  though  not  large.  The  fort  here  is 
strong.  A      » 

*  On  the  S7th  of  September  1813,  the  fort  at  thii  plaoe  wu  tnimt  bjr 
tte  BritUh  on  the  tppToiich  of  HaffrivDn,  previous  to  the  bettle  of  Mors- 
Vitn  TowQ^ 


*i.< 
»,'' 


'4 

S  te^ 


(  «  ) 


SANDWICH, 


/.:?,> 


..  ■♦  i.^- 


Is  situated  still  up  the  river,  opposite  Detroit,  and  \$ 
a  handsome  village  of  considerable  age,  inhabited  prin- 
cipally by  FVench,  who  settled  this  country  one  hundred 
and  three  years  ago. 

There  are  several  other  villages  in  the  province  not 
immediately  on  the  water,  which  are  of  considerable 
size  and  beauty ;  but  those  already  named  are  the  prin-^ 
cipal. 

/Settlements. — In  the  lower  pait  of  this  province,  the 
settlements  do  not  extend  far  back  north  from  the  river 
St.  Lawrence.  Above  Kingston,  the  settlement?)  ex- 
tend from  Lake  Ontario,  (counting  the  peninsula  be- 
tween the  lake  and  the  Bay  Quantie,  which  in  some 
places  is  10,  and  in  others  30  miled  wide)  50  miles. 
Above  the  head  of  the  bay,  on  the  lake  shore.,  for  about 
100  miles,  the  settlements  do  not  extend  more  than  6 
miles  from  the  lake.  North  from  York,  the  settlements 
extend  farther  back,  particularly  on  what  is  called 
Yonge  Street,  which  runs  a  due  north  course  to  Lake 
Simcoe.  On  both  sides  of  this  street,  thefai  ms  are  thick 
and  well  improved,  the  soil  being  very  good  although  the 
climate  is  not  so  favorable  as  it  is  failher  to  the  south- 
west. From  York,  west,  along  the  lake  shore,  there 
are  but  small  settlements  on  the  shore  for  20  miles; 
[after  which,  what  is  called  Dundas-street,  4  miles  from 
the  shore,  is  thickly  settled  on  both  sides  for  20 
[miles;  as  also  between  this  and  the  lake  it  is  thinly  in- 
habited,   although  it  has    not  been  settled  more  thar^ 


i!  'S 


I'- 


• .:     (  *2  ) 

eight  years  from  the  present  date'  [1814.]  Above  10  or  15 
miles,  at  the  head  of  Burlington  bay,  is  what  is  called 
Goot's  Paradise,  ic  is  fine,  rich,  sandy  plains,  thickly 
settled  7  miles  from  the  shore,  to  the  foot  of  the  slope 
already  named ;  and  on  the  top,  west  and  north-west 
fbt  15  miles,  there  are  fine  settlements  in  two  town- 
ships— East  and  West  Flambeau.  Farther  south  around 
the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  or  more  particularly  Bur- 
lington bay,  the  settlements  are  thick,  extending  west 
16  miles.  About  iO  miles  up  the  Grand  River  is  a  thick 
settlement  of  Dutch,  in  Brant's  township.  Still  to  the 
east,  as  the  road  leads  to  Niagara,  the  settlements  are 
thick  near  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario.  After  one  gets 
30  miles  east  of  the  head  of  B«ii)ington  bay,  and  20 
from  iSiagara,  settlements  of  an  old  date  are  made, 
and  pretty  thick,  all  the  way  across  from  lake  to 
lake,  which  is  more  than  30  miles.  From  the  thick 
settlement  west  of  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  towards 
the  London  district,  the.  inhabitants  are  thin  for  20 
miles,  through  the  tract  of  land  belwiging  to  the  six 
nations  of  Indians.  The  settlement  in  the  liondon 
district  are  very  populous.  The  settlements  in  the  west 
of  the  province  arc  chieflv  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  on  its 
course  through  Huron  and  St.  Clair. 

Cirii  Dimiim — The  province  of  Upper  Canada  [is 
divided  into  eight  districts,  twenty  four-  cormties,  and 
one  hundred  and  fifty-six  townships,  generally  about  12 
miles  square.  These  townships  are  surveyed  into  con- 
cisions, the  width  of  the  township  in  Vront  towards  the 
lake,  and  one  mile  and  a  quarter  wide,  back  from  the 
lake  to  the  northi  but  in  some  places  tl^ey  are  pot  more 


(    43    ) 

than  three  quarters  of  a  mile  wide.  Eacli  township 
is  divided  into  fourteen  concisions,  the  whole  of  which 
make  2 1 84.  These  concisions  are  subdivided  into 
twenty-four  lots  of  two  hundred  acres  each,  the  whole 
of  wliich  amounts  to  tnii  tytwo  thousand  four  hundred 
and  sixteen,  which  number  multiplied  by  two  hundred 
.  will  produce  ten  million  four  hundred  and  eighty-three 
thousand  two  hundred,  the  number  of  acres  surveyed 
in  the  province  besides  considerable,  called  broken 
front?,  not  yet  t«urveyed,  but ;  ranted  ■  o  those  who  owned 
land  in  the  rear  thereof.  It  may  not  be  amiss  to  remark 
here,  that  in  every  direction  from  the  lands  now 
^rveyed  here  are  great  quantities  of  wild  or  unsurvejred 
land,  which  is  equally  as  good  as  that  now  improved. 
Between  every  concision  there  are  four  roods  left  for 
the  public  road,  and  also  between  every  fourth  lot,  which 
is  one  quarter  of  a  mile  wide. 

Districts Of  these  there  are  eight,  as  already  noted. 

The  Eastern  District  is  situated  at  the  north-east  end  <^ 
the  province,  joining  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Ottaways 
rivei^  It  is  in  the  coldest  and  most  unpleasant  part  of 
the  province,  the  land  being  sandy,  cold,  and  stony,  in 
general  producing  peas,  potatoes,  oats,  and  some  wheat.. 
The  most  of  the  inhabitants  are  Scotch  and  French. 

The  District  ofJohmiown  lies  up  farther  on  the  river 
St.  Lawrence,  and  will  bear  nearly  the  same  description 
as  the  other,  but  is  something  better. 

The  Midland  District  lies  from  a  little  below  Kingston 

up  west  to  the  head  of  Bay  Quantie,  comprehending 

that  beautiful  peninsula  between  the  bay  and  the  lake. 

This  district  is  large,  and  thick  settled  with  rich  farm^ 

C  3 


!*     I 


/ ; 


I  i 


li; 


III! 


II  il 

i 


m 


! 


I 


^s  <• 


(    4*     ) 


crs.  The  land  is  very  fertile,  producing  wheat  m  abund- 
ance,  also  apples  and  other  summer  fruit.  The  bay  and 
the  several  rivers  that  run  into  it  afford  plenty  of  fish. 

Newcastle  District,  extends  from  the  head  of  the  Bay 
Quant  ie,  50  miles  to  the  south-west,  along  the  shore  of 
tlie  lake,  and  is  divided  into  two  counties,  Northum- 
berland and  Durham.  This  district  is  well  watered, 
and  rich,  though  a  little  hilly,  and  more  stony  than 
any  other.  v  v-r-r^  ■■  »...  ,-.^:-.-^  -f.  ^:-  v.-- 

Home  District,  is  still  farther  up  the  lake,  and  is  divide     | 
ed  into  two  counties,  York  and  Simcoe.  It  is  large  and 
tolerably  thick  settled ;  it  has  an  abundance  of  white 
pine  upon  it,  and  a  number  of  beautiful  streams  of 
water. 

Niagara  District,  is  situated  south  of  Home  and  the 
lake,  in  the  peninsula  between  the  two  lakes.     It  is  very 
large,  and  is  divided  into  i  wo  counties,  Lincoln  and  Hal- 
deman.    The  latter  is  on  the  Grand  River,  in  posses- 
sion of  the  Six  Nations  of  Indians,  already  named. 

The  county  of  Lincoln  lies  in  the  east  part  of  the 
peninsula,  joining  oh  the  out-let  of  Lake  Erie,  and  is 
divided  into  twenty-five  townships,  all  of  which  are  tol- 
erably thick  settled,  and  well  improved,  though  it  is 
not  so  well  watered  as  other  districts. 

London  Disltict. — This  district  is  bounded  east  by 
Indian  land,  on  Grand  River,  north  by  the  wilderness, 
west  by  the  western  district  at  Detroit,  and  south  by 
Lake  Erie,  along  the  north  shore  of  which  it  extends 
about  90  miles.  The  district  of  London  is  certainly 
much  the  best  part  of  Canada.  It  is  suiricicitly  level, 
very  rich^  and  beautifully  variegated  with  small  hills  and 


/ , 


(  *5  > 


and  isdivid* 


fertile  vallies,  through  which  flow  a  number  of  pearlj 
streams  of  almost  the  best  water  in  the  world. 

In  this  district  there  is  a  large  quantity  of  natural 
plains,  though  not  in  very  large  bodies,  and  not  entirely 
clear  of  timber.  This  land  has  a  handsome  appearance, 
and  affords  fine  roads  and  pasture  in  summer.  Here 
the  farmer  has  but  little  to  do  only  to  fence  his  land,  and 
put  in  the  plough,  which  indeed  lequiree  a  strong  team 
at  first,  but  afterwards  may  be  tilled  with  one  horse.' 
These  plains  are  mostly  in  the  highest  part  of  the 
ground,  are  very  rich  and,  well  adapted  for  wheat  and, 
clover.  The  surface  of  the  earth  in  this  district  is  almost 
entirely  clear  of  stone ;  it  is  of  a  sandy  quality,  espe- 
cially the  plains,  which  renders  it  very  easy  for  cultiva:^ 
tion. 

This  district  is  situated  in  the  41st  degree  and  40  min- 
utes of  north  latitude,  and  is  favored  with  a  temperate 
climate.  The  summers  are  sufficiently  long,  to  bring 
all  the  crops  to  perfection,  if  planted  in  season :  indeed 
there  is  hardly  ever  any  kind  of  produce  injured  by  the 
frost. 

This  is  the  best  part  of  Canada  for  wheat,  and  1  be- 
lieve of  any  part  of  the  world :  from  twenty  to  thirty- 
five  bushels  are  commonly  gathered  from  one  acre  of 
ground,  perfectly  sound  and  clear  from  smut.  Corn 
thrives  exceedingly  well,  as  also  all  other  kinds  of  grain. 
Apples,  peaches,  cherries,  and  all  kinds  of  fruit  common 
to  the  United  States,  flourish  very  well  here.  Wood- 
land sells  from  two  to  five  dollars  an  acre.  The  timber 
of  this  district  consists  of  almost  all  kinds  common  to 
the  United  States. 

.       ...        ..        C4  '       . 


r 


II 


Western  District  is  situated  at  the  west  end  of  the  prcr 
vince,  joining  the  river  St.  Lawrence  as  it  comes  from 
Lake  Superior  to  the  head  of  Lake  Erie;  it  is  large  and 
rich,  and  some  part  tolei  ably  well  improved ;  it  affords 
fine  plains,  and  has  been  settled  by  the  French  more 
than  one  hundred  years.  It  is  divided  into  two  coun. 
ties ,  £ssex  and  Kent.  .  '    ^;; 

King's  Roaals.— When  the  upper  province  was  first  set- 
tled, the  people  labored  under  considerable  disadvantages 
for  the  want  of  roads  :  nor  was  it  to  be  expected  that 
they  could  open  any  of  very  great  extent,  as  the  timber 
in  most  places  is  heavy,  and  they  had  as  much  as  they 
could  do  to  clear  land  to  raise  enough  of  produce  to 
support  their  families.  Yet  the  opening  of  roads  was 
necessary,  and  the  king  knew  this  could  not  be  effected 
by  the  people  without  his  assistance.  He  therefore  gave 
large  sums  of  money  to  be  laid  out  for  that  purpose,  and 
for  a  number  of  years  past,  nearly  the  whole  amount  of 
the  revenues  of  the  province,  which  is  the  king's  money, 
amounting  to  5,000  pounds,  has  been  laid  out  in  open- 
ing  and  repairing  of  the  public  highways.  This  with 
the  statute  labor,  which  the  inhabitants  of  every  town- 
ship perform,  is  the  means  of  making  tolerable  good 
roads  in  almost  every  part  of  the  province.  There  is 
no  toll  taken  for  passing  on  any  road  or  bridge  in  the 
province. 

What  is  called  the  king's  roads  or  highways  are  4 
roods  wide,  and  lead  in  the  directions  now  to  be  describ- 
ed :  there  is  one  road  that  leads  from  Montreal,  which 
is  in  the  lower  province,  up  the  river  St  .Lawrence, 
near  the  bank  on  the  north  side,  through  Cornwall 


*(    47    ) 


village  to  Prescot,  so  on  to  BrockvilTc  and  Kingstoit; 
from  hence  there  are  several  roads  which  lead  different 
ways,  though  they  were  opened  at  the  expence  of  the  in- 
habitants, except  one,  which  is  the  king's  and  extends 
up  towards  the  south-west  about  twenty  miles,  when  it 
divides  into  two.  One  crosses  the  Bay  Quantie,  and 
ei^tends  nearly  through  the  middle  of  the  peninsula  to 
the  head.*  The  other  turns  to  the  right,  and  extends 
up  the  bay  on  the  north  side,  through  the  Mohawk's  or 
liT^ian  land,  Crosses  Myer's  creek  and  the  liver  Trent, 
where  it  empties  inco  the  bay  Quantie,  extends  a  few 
miles  to  the  south,  and  joins  with  the  other  on  the 
carrying  place.  From  hence  it  leads  on  through  wood, 
land,  thinly  settled,  by  Presqu'isle  harbor,  for  about  15 
miles,  when  the  country  appears  more  improved,  and 
the  road  tolerably  good.  Within  about  60  miles  of 
York,  the  road  is  bad^  as  the  ground  is  very  rich  and 
soft  and  but  thinly  settled ;  and  about  46  miles  from 
York,  there  are  two  roads — one  extends  along  the  lake 
shore,  and  is  the  best — the  other  leads  about  8  miles  to 
the  north;  but  they  meet  again  at  what  is  called 
Lion's  creek  and  tavern.  For  nearly  30  miles  to  York, 
there  is  but  one  road,  and  that  quite  bad,  till  within  9 
miles  of  the  city.  From  York  there  is  one  road  which 
extends  40  miles  a  due  north  course,  to  lake  Simcoe, 
This  road  in  most  places,  is  tolerably  good.  The  other 
road  extends  up  the  lake  shore  16  miles  to  the  river 
Credit,  where  it  leaves  thfe  shore  a  little  to  the  north, 
aiia  extends  to  the  head  of  the  lake ;  this  road  is  not 


'1 


-s; 


*  This  ii  the  belt  raid. 


i\'\ 


11 


n-r!-« 


i  ,  ii 


i    'II 

'  i 

i   !! 
« i  'II 


very  good.  Two  mile3  from  York,  on  thie  rojid. which 
leads  to  Simcoe,  called  Younge*s  street,  another  road 
leads  out,  extending  to  the  head  of  the  lake,  called  Dun. 
diis  street,  which  is  completely  straight  for  260  miles 
to  the  river  Thames,  near  Detroit.  Although  it  is  not 
passable  in  all  places,  yet  where  it  is  not  opened,  there 
are  other  roads  near  by,  which  lead  the  same  way, 
aind  enter  it  again,  it  crosses  the  Grand  River,  over 
which  there  is  a  good  bridge,*  and  Smiles  above  the 
Mohawk  village  of  Indians,  there  is  another  road  which 
turns  to  the  south,  through  beautiful,  sandy,  and  dry 
plains,  to  Turkey  Point,  near  Long  Point,  in  Lake  Erie, 
which  is  35  miles.  This  road  extends  up  the  lake  shore 
to  Port  Talbert,  although  it  is  not  passable  the  whole 
way.  From  Fort  Erie,  two  miles  below  the  ferry  at 
Black  Rock,  there  extends  a  road  up  the  shore  of  Lake 
Erie,  more  than  ^0  miles,  and  another  18  miles  down 
to  the  Niagara  falls,  here  it  divides ;  one  extends  to 
the  west  through  the  Beaver  dams  towards  the  head  of 
Ontario,  up  the  stream  of  the  Twenty*mile  creek  to  a 
little  village  called  Aswago,  and  the  main  road  tiom 
Niagara  to  Grand  River.  This  is  a  tolerable  good  road. 
From  the  falls  another  extends  down  the  Niagara 
river  by  Queenston  to  fort  George,  from  hence  there 
is  a  good  road  up  and  near  the  lake  shore  for  45  miles,, 
when  it  turns  to  the  south  over  the  mountain,  and  con* 
vects  with  the  one  just  noticed.  Forty  miles  from 
Niagara,  at  what  is  called  the  Fifty-.mile  creek,  one 
•road  turns  to  the  right  and  crosses  the  boach  already 

*  Tlii*  bri^Ke  is  oOiV  quite  finished.  ** 


(    49    ) 

lentioned  befweeri  the  lake  and   Burlington  bay,  to 

^ards  York.  There  is  also  a  road  that  extends  fi  om 
iQiieenston  towards  the  head  of  the  lake  through  what 
Is  called  the  Black   Swamp,  and   joins  ijt  he   one  from 

liasrara,  about  ten  miles  from  it  a  little  short  of  the 

'welve-mile  creek  at  Shipman's  tavern. 
These  are  all  the  king's  roads  or  public  highways  : 
ret  there  are  many  more  roads  throughout  all  the  pro, 
rince,  which  lead  in  every  direction,  and  many  of  them 
ire  very  good  and  convenient. 

Bearinffs  and  Distances  of  Places. — From  Montreal 
to  Prescot,  (100  miles)  the  river  has  a  strong  current, 
md  some  dangerous  rapidj.  It  cannot  be  passed  with 
ships,  though  large  rafts  and  boats  of  considerable  bur- 
then pass  it  in  safety,  ^s^i-v.  i»y- '<  >  "*  -f^y  ^    -^ 

The  village  and  fort  of  Prescot  are  on  the  north  bank 
)f  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  to  the  river  Oswe;^atchie, 
)v   the  old  garrison  at  Ogdensburgh.     Tiie  St.  LaW" 
rence  is  3  miles  wide  hese,  and  has  a  small  current, 

)ixty-hve  miles  farther  up  the  river,  stands  King-ton, 
learthe  bottom  of  Lake  Ontario  nearly  opposite,  though 

little  to  the  east  of  Sackett's  harbor.  The  distance  from 
me  to  another,  on  a  strai-^ht  line,  is  27  miles ;  though 
he  nearest  way  that  can  be  passed  by  land  on  the  road, 
ind  a  bad  one,  is  H  miles,  and  36  by  water  or  ice. 
Seventy-five  m;les  from  Kingston  is  situated  Pres(ju*- 
Ble  hai  bor,  already  noted.       It  is  neai  ly  opposite  the 

louth  of  the  Oswego  river  on  the  United   States*  side* 

'he  lake  is  67  miles  wide  here,  but  has  been  crossed  in 
leven  hours. 
One  hundrea  miles  from  this  harbor,  qp  tbe  lake 


II 

■!* 

1. 1 

\ 

'V 

t 


(50     ) 

stands  York^  Dearly  opposite  Niagara,  though  a  little  to 
the  north  west.    The  distance  from  one  to  the  other  on 
a    straight  line,  is  34  milea ;    but  by  land  around  the  | 
head  of  Lake  Ontario,  it  is  90  miles.    Niagara,  some* 
times  called  Newark,  is  opposite  Niagara  fort,  on  the  | 
United  States'  side.     The  river  is  1200  yards  wide  here. 

Queenston — Stands  7  miles  farther  up  the  river  on  the 
same  side  close  to  the  foot  of  the  mountain  already  noted, 
and  opposite  to  Lewistown,  on  the  United  States'  side; 
from  which  there  is  a  good  road  to  Batavia,  an  east  I 
course. 

Chippeway--A  small  village  at  the  mouth  of  a  stream 
of  the  same  name,  is  2  miles  above  the  falls  and  10  from 
Queenston.  .^h^v.  ^^  ^,  .> - 

Erie — Stands  opposite  U>  Black  Rock,  on  the  United 
States*  side.     Hete  the  river  is  1700  yards  wide. 

From  this  place  up  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie  for  80  miles 
there  are  no  villages  or  forts,  as  the  country  is  but  little 
improved,,  especially  about  the  middle  of  the  above  dis. 
tance,  at  thegmouth  of  the  Grand  River,  which  is  in  the  I 
poi:;session  of  the  Indians,  as  alreafly  noted. 

About  50  miles  of  this  distance  on  the  lake  shore, 
there  is  no  road :  though  in  the  year  1811,  commission. 
^rs  were  appointed  to  lay  out  one, 

Turkey  Point — Near  Long  Point,  is  100  miles  from 
Foit  George,  and  nearly  200  below  Maiden  It  is  oppo- 
site Presqu*isle,  and  Erie,  on  the  United  States*  side,  at 
the  corner  of  the  three  states,  Pennsylvania,  New  York, 
and  Ohio. 

Malden^ls  near  the  head  of  Lake  Erie,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  as  it  comes  from  La&e  Superior. 


*<MttM«Ma|MMAil*iM 


(    51     ) 


SandmcU—StMAs  14  miles  up  the  rirer  oppMite  t» 
'Detroit,  where  it  is  900  yards  wide.  From  Sandwich  to 
ithe  beginning  of  lake  St,  Clair  it  is  12  miles,  and  40 
[more  through  that  lake;  it  is  40  more  to  Lake  Huroir, 
^hich  is  40  wide,  and  50  more  to  the  falls  of  St.  Mary, 
[which  is  rather  a  rapid,  descending  gradually  30  feet  in 
[one  mile,  and  admits  vessels  ot  considerable  size. 
From  this  fall  it  is  20  miles  to  Lake  Superior.^ 
PopukUion, — Ii>  the  year  1811,  the  number  of  inhabi- 
mts  of  both  provinces,  was  ^560,000.  In  the  upper 
>rovince,  there  wa  e  136,000,  not  including  Indian.^  in 
the  settled  parts  of  the  province.f   ^^*" 

The  number  of  the  militia,  or  of  those  who  are  Habit 
to  do  duty,  from  the  age  of  sixteen  to  sixty,  are  22,660, 


hi 


*  The  distfRce  from  this  lake  to  Quebec  m  the  water  course  is  nearly 

miles ;  but  on  a  straight  line  it  would  not  be  more  than  360  miles«r» 

JTote  the  following  calculation. 

Lake  Superior,  according  to  die  Frendi  charts,  is  ]50O  milei  in  ciream- 

ence« 

Quebec  is  in  lat.  46«  55'  north.  -?' 

long.  70*  31*  west. 
'  The  lake  is  between  45p  and  48o  north  iat> 
I  And  between  82i-2o     91<>  west  long. 

say82o  31' 
70*  31» 


'> 


18 


i  A  degree  of  longitude  in  45  or  46  is  about  SO',  consequently  the  diitanft 

}m  Quebec  to  the  margis  of  I«ke  Superior  must  be  360  miles* 

[t  If  all  the  inhabifJEints  of  Upper  Canada  were  divided  into  ten  parts, 

parts  would  be  natives  of  the  United  States  pQd  their  children  bum  ia 

British duminioiMin'korth  America;!  the  ditier  fcrur  parts  would  be 

in^eani  ani  iheir^ldNQ.. 


■  i< 

■p. 

yi 


It 


(    5^    ) 


I     ! 


including  Indians  oh  the  bounds  ot  the  province  at  that 
time.     ■  »j«if*»  ■'-,'  «■■■-.<  .i^^j^vtHrrf'-T^'i^iif <*• 

' '  LearnifK^ — The  greater  part  of  tlie  inhabitants  of  Ca. 
nada  are  not  well  etjucaied  ;  for  as  they  were  poor 
when  they  canie  to  the  provunce,  and  the  country  being 
bat  thinly  settled  tor  a  numbei  of  years,  they  had  but 
little  chance  for  tlie  oenetlt  ot  schools.  But  since  the 
country  as  become  more  set  Jed,  and  the  inhabitants 
rich,  or  in  a  good  way  ot  living,  wliich  is  almo-t  uni- 
versally the  case,  they  pay  considerable  attention  to| 
learning.     5,i»'r  r— "  -  -    *"-  '     —  r** 

Ten  dollars  a  year,  is  the  common  price  given  for  | 
the  tuition  o^  each  scholar  by  good  teachers. 
'.    Until  lately,  there   was  no  Latin  or  Greek  school  I 
kept  in  the  province.    Now  there  are  three— one  in 
York,  caught  by  the  Episcopal  minister  ot  that  place;! 
one  on  the   Bay  Quantie,  by  a  Mr.  Bidwell,  from  the 
United  States  ;  and  the  othei  in  Niagara  village,  by  the  I 
Rev.  Mr.  Bui  ns.     Good  encouraa;ement  would  be  given | 
in  many  ot>ier  parts  to  teachers  of  such  schools,  particu- 
larly in  the  Niat^ara  and  London  districts. 

Notwithstanding  I  said  that  the  main  body  of  the  in- 
habitants were  not  well  educated,  yet  there  are  a  nuni< 
ber  of  gentlemen  in  the  province  who  have  the  best  ofl 
learnin<r. 

There  is  a  public  free  school  kept  in  every  district,  hvl 
order  of  the  king,  the  teachers  of  which  receive  annual'] 
ly  one  hundred  pounds  tteiling  from  the  crown. 

Moraia, — It  is  an  idea  entertained  by  the  generality  ofl 
^it  people  of  the  United  States,  that  the  inhabitants  ofl 
Canada  are  some  of  the  worst  people  in  the  work), 


(    53    ) 


lade  up  of  rogues,  murderers,  and  the  lik  e  mean  cha.^ 

^acters.    However,  the  idea  is  entirely  false.  That  there 

las  some  bad  characters  escaped  from  different  paits  of 

ne   United  States  to  Canada,  no  one  will  deny;  but 

lese  cannot  be  called  the  inhabitants,  but  only  sojourn- 

IS.     But  1  may  say,  whether    I  am  believed  or  not, 

lat  the  main  body  of  the  people  of  Canada  are  peacea- 

Lie,  just,  and  generous  in   all  their   intercourse  with 

icti  other,  and  strangers  also ;    they  are  benevolent, 

;in;5  once  poor  themselves,  they  know  how  to  feel  for 

^uinan  want  and  human  woe.     1  have  been  acquainted 

^ith  some  of  the  inhabitants  of  almost  everv  neighbor- 

)od,  and  have  found  them  to  be  nearly  all  alike,  eX' 

;pt  those  trom  England  or  ii  eland.      I  have  also  at- 

^nUed  a  number  of  the  courts  of  justice,  and  was  sur- 

rized  to  see  so  little  business  done  at  ihem.     I'he  most 

the  inhabitants  of  the  weatevn  o:    upper  pa  it  of  the 

rovince,  are  from  the  states  or  New-Jersey,  Pennsylva- 

|a,  and  New  York,  and  yet    etain  a  considerable  de- 

ree  of  thai  reciitude  of  coniiuct  and  conversation  ob* 

lived  among  the  Quakers  and  Presbyterians  iu  those 

lies.    There  is  hardly  ever  an    nstance  of  a  jerson 

al'ng  in  this  province,  not  pnhaps  because  all  the 

|habilants  are  too  good,   but  paitly   from  this  cause, 

(d  partly  because  the  penalty  annexed  to  the  crime  is 

|ath  ;   however,   no  one  has  been  put  to  death  in  the 

pvincc  yet. 

Hetii^inn, —  About  one  half  of  the  people  of  Canada 
it  have  come  to  the  age  of  maturity,  are  professois  of 
li^ion:  however,  as  in  all  other  places,  they  aie  of 
ferent  sentiments  end  sectaries,     Th     Methodiste 


n  I 


?! 


•v  ■   ' 


1  .«■: 


<  «*  ) 

are  the  most  numerous,  and  are  scattered  all  over  th« 
province.  I'he  other  sectaries  are  more  locaJ,  and  are 
as  follows:  There  are  hfteen  churches  of  Baptists, 
about  one  thousand  in  number,  and  eleven  preachers; 
one  church  in  Bastard  township,  one  in  I'hut  low,  one 
in  Sidney,  one  in  Percy,  one  in  Halloweil,  one  in  Su« 
fiftsburgh,  (these  five  last  are  on  the  Bay  Quantie,)  one 
in  Cramahe,  one  in  Hildamm,  one  in  Whitby,  one  in 
Mark  ham,  one  in  Tuwnsend,  one  in  Oxtbrd,  one  in 
Charlotte ville,  one  in  Clinton,  and  one  in  Niagara. 
There  are  six  ministers  and  congregations  of  Episcopa* 
Hans  :  one  at  Cornwall,  one  at  Kingston^  one  at  York, 
on£  at  Niagara,  one  at  Turkey  P^int,  and  one  at  Sand- 
wich.* There  are  ten  congregations  of  Presbyterians,  and 
seven  mmii>ters  :  one  in  London  district  (Townsend,)  a 
Mr.  Culver,  minister,  a  very  old  gentleman  ;  one  inj 
Ancaster,  near  the  head  of  Ontario,  a  Mr,  Williams,  | 
minister;  one  on  the  Twenty.mile  Creek,  20  miles  I 
from  Niagaia,  a  Mi .  Eastman,  minister;  one  in  Niaga- 
ra village,  a  Mr.  Burns,  minister;  one  in  York,  no  I 
minister  ;  one  on  the  Bay  Quantie,  one  in  Kingston, 
and  three  below.  There  are  five  congregations  of 
Quakers  or  Friends :  one  in  Adolphustown,  30  miles 
west  of  Kingston,  on  the  BayQuantie;  one  in  Rox- 
bridge,  30  miles  north  east  of  York,  on  a  new  town> 
ship  ;  one  on  Yonge-street,  near  Lake  Simcoe;  one 
in  the  township  of  Norwich,  on  the  river  Thames  ;  and 


• 

i 

•There  U 

•Im  another  eongrtgation  and 

minister  on  Tonge^re 

Utelv  become  luch: 

ntfaiiter* 

/ 

■  1 

* 

(  &*  ) 

one  at  the  Short  Hills,  not  far  from  Lake  Erie,  30 
miles  south-west  of  Niagara.    There  are  also  a  consider- 
atbh  number  of  the  Dutch  Moneasts  in  the  province ; 
a  large  settlement  of  them  reside,  in  Clinton   township, 
{not  far  from  Niagara  ;   as  also  another  in  Maikham, 
near  York,  and  one  on  Yonge-street,    and  some  other 
[parts.    There  are  also  some  Tunkers  in  the  province, 
I  and  a  few  Roman  Catholics.     They  have  &  chapel  in 
I  Cornwall,  and  in  Kingston  and  Sandwich.    There  are 
(also  some  other  sectaries  in  the  provmce,  all  of  which 
lenjoy  full  liberty  of  conscience  to  worship  God  as  they 
Iplease,  and  are  protected  by  law  fro  n  penalties,  imposH- 
tions«  or  burthens  of  any  kind  relative  to  religious  con* 
:ern5.     The  Episcopal  clergy  are  paid  by  the  king. 
M  The  one-seventh  part  of  all  the  land  in  Upper  Canada 
U  appropriated,  acc^^'nfto  the  constitution,  for  the 
maintenance  of  a   F    -     .ant  clergy  within  the   piQ- 
rince.*'     This  land  lies  in  two  hundred  acre  lots,  and 
|s  leased  out  for  twenty-one  years,   at  two  dollars  ^he 
irst  seven  years  of  the  lea^e,  four  dollars  tlte  second 
ieven,  and  six  dollars  the  third  seven.    The  rent  of 
^heselots,  called  Clergy  Reserves,  is  given  to  the  cler- 

to  the  amount  of  eight  hundred  dollars  a  year  l*he 
clergy  of  the  other  sectaries  are  paid  according  to  the 
n\\  and  bounty  of  their  hearers  There  has  been  no 
general  revival  of  religion  of  late  in  Canada,  yet  he 
>eople  in  general  pay  a  very  serious  attention  to  ijt, 
^nd  attend  to  preaching  very  well.    Profane  swei' jng 

seldom  heard,  and  the  sabbath  is  regarded  with  con* 
Kdcrable  reverence.    Bigotry  or  superstition  is  not  oftea 


':  t.f 


■  M 


t    l' 


1;( 


'       (    56     ) 

to  be  discovered  among  the  inhabitants  of  Canada,  of 
course  they  do  not  persecute  each  other^  but  are  friend- 
ly and  loving. 

Divermm. — The  inhabitants  of  almost  every  country  I 
have  their  diversions,  which  vary  according  to  their 
notions  of  pleasure  ;    of  course  the  people  of  Canada 
have  theirs,  which,  however,  are  of  an  exercising  and] 
innocent  nature* 

Meeting  together  at  private  houses  and  dancing  is  ai 
favorite  amusement  of  the  young  people*  This,  how.| 
ever,  is  not  carried  to  excess. 

Hunting  deer  and  bears  in  the  winter,  is  also  a  diver- 
sion, and  a  very  profitable  one. 

Sleighing  is  another  amusement  of  which  the  people! 
are  very  fond,  and  for  which  they  are  well  prepared,  as 
it  respects  horses  sleighs,  clothing,  and  fiirs.  They  alsol 
very  much  esteem  the  music  of  bells,  some  having  atl 
times  forty  on  the  harness  of  two  horses.  Much  prol 
duce  is  taken  to  market  in  the  winter  by  sleighs,  inl 
which  is  connected  both  pleasure  and  profit  As  ^his  iil 
a  level  counti^,  and  the  snow  lies  pretty  deep  all  flk^terj 
there  is  very  good  sleighing.  Most  of  the  people  drivej 
Jehu  like,  or  "furious." 

The  melody  of  the  human  voice  is  also  an  amusementl 
of  the  young  people  of  both  sexes.  Teachers  of  this  arti 
will  meet  with  good  encouragement  in  almost  everjl 
part  of  Canada. 

Comparatively  speaking,  Canada  is  but  a  new,  thinljl 
settled  country  ;  yet,  contrary  to  the  custom  of  the  in| 
habitants  of  such  places,  the  people  here  dress  wtll  atl 
all  times,  but  when  they  go  abroad,  or  on  the  sabbathJ 


(    57    ) 


is  also  a  diver- 


they  dress  very  fine.     When  I  say  they  dress  fine,  I  do 

I  ndt  mean  that  tancied  fineness,  studied  and  practised  in 
large  cities  and  populous  places — such  as  jewels,  ring;s, 
ribbons,  powder,  paint,  and  the|like;  but  with  gar- 
meniS  of  che  finest  stufis,  with  but  few  trinkets  of  any 
kind.  The  most  oE  their  clothing  is  of  their  own  manu- 
facturing, particularly  the  woolen,  for  which  they  have 
plenty  of  the  best  of  wool. 

Horse-racing,  card-playing,  and  the  like  unprofitable 

[and  sinful  diversions  are  very  seldom  performed  in  Ca- 

inada. 

Drunkenness  and  dissipation  are  seldom  seen  among 

I  the  people.  As  all  have  to  get  their  living  by  their  la- 
bor, there  appears  to  be  but  little  time  or  temptation  to 

(frequent  taverns  for  that  purpose. 

The  people  of  Canada  pay  very  little  attention  to  any 

[kind  of  diversion  in  the  summer,  except  to  visit  one 
another  in  a  social  manner,  and  diink  tea,  of  which 
they  are  very  fond,  and  a  friendly  chit-chat.  The  most 
of  their  conversation  at  these  times  relate  to  their  former 
poverty  and  present  plenty,  and  to  which  1  was  happy 
to  listen,  whenever  it  happened  in  my  hearing,  as  it  indi- 
cated a  contented  and  thankful  mind  in  their  present 
situation  ;  and  could  wish  and  say  with  propriety — Es- 
foperpetuat  or,  may  it  last  forever. 

The  diversions  of  the  Indians  chiefly  consist  in 
dancing  and  shooting  at  marks. 

Manufactures, — It  is  not  to  be  expected  that  the  ma- 
nufactories of  Canada  are  many  or  extensive.  There  is 
some  iron  made  in  the  province,  though  the  quantity  \* 


'I 


?i 


I 


n 


.:.H 


<^rj;j5jjg^ 


-'Uf 


]}    I 


■'I 


■•  il;! 


it, 


'ft 


Salt  is  also  made  here,  though  to  a  small  aiAount,  but 
might  be  made  in  great  quantities. 

HatSy  shoes,  boots,  and  tin  and  crockery  Ware,  are 
manufactured  here  in  great  plenty. 

Linen  and  woolen  cloths  are  made  in  abundance. 

Whiskey,  and  apple  and  peach  brandy  are  also  madie 
in  considerable  quantities. 


:^., 


PROMISCUOUS  REMARKS  ON  THE 
GOVERNMENT. 


■■^'\*ff' 


r,^^: 


The  constitution,  laws,  and  government  oF  Upper 
Qanada,  are  much  better  than  pedple,  unacquainted 
lii^th  them,  expect.     It  is  not  my  intention  h^re  to 
write  much   respecting  the  government,  though  1  had 
taken  much  pains  in  studying  it,  with  an  intention  df| 
publishing  the  result  of  my  enquiries  on  the  subject. 
One  year  before  the  declaration  of  war  by  the  American  I 
government  against  England,  while  in  Canada,  I  issu- 
ed proposals  for  a  geographical  and  political  view  of  the 
province  ;  but,  as  it  is  now  generally  expected  th&Jt  the| 
province  will  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  American  gov- 
ernment, 1  shall  make  only  a  few  remarks  on  the  sub-| 
ject.  •' 

In  the  year  1791,  the  then  called  province  of  Quebec,! 
was  by  an  act  of  the  Bntish  parliament  divided  into  two 
separate  provinces — ^to  be  called  the  province  of  Lower 
Canada,  and  the  province  of  Upper  Canada.  By  this 
act,  a  constitution  was  formed  for  each  province,  eachj 
in  its  nature  calculated  to  suit  the  situation  of  their  res- 


^         (    59    )    ^  :  • 

pective  inhabitants — one  being  chiefly  settled  by  the 
French,  the  other  by  the  English.  ^ 

The  constitution  put  it  out  of  the  power  of  the  British 
parliament  to  impose  any  taxes  on  the  people,  either 
upon  their  property  or  trade,  but  what  was  necessary 
for  the  regulation  of  commerce  :  but  this  should  be  dis- 
posed of  by  the  legislature  of  the  province,  for  the  bene- 
fit of  the  same.  The  constitution  also  provides  for  the 
creation  of  a  legislative  council  and  a  legislative  assem- 
bly. The  king  also  sends  a  governor,  who  acts  in  the 
kin^*s  name.  The  members  of  the  legislative  council 
are  selected  by  the  king  and  governor  jointly  ;  these 
hold  their  seats  during  life,  if  they  do  not  forfeit  them. 
The  members  of  the  legislative  assembly  are  elected  eve- 
ry fourth  year  by  the  freemen  of  the  province.'  Any 
man  of  the  age  of  twenty  four,  and  who  is  worth  pro- 
perty to  the  amount  of  forty  shillings  a  year,  and  has 
been  in  the  province  seven  years,  may  be  elected  a 
member  of  the  legislative  assembly,  or  vote  for  one.* 
The  making  of  laws  for  the  welfare  of  the  people  is  the 
business  of  the  legislative  assembly,  but  must  be  assented 
to  by  the  legislative  council  and  governor,  in  the  king's 
name,  before  they  become  laws  ;  yet  the  legislative 
council,  governor,  British  parliament  or  king,  cannot 
make  any  laws  for  the  people  of  Canada,  «  without 
the  advice  and  consent  of  the  legislative  assembly." 

From  hence  we  see  that  the  people  have  got  the 
means  of  guarding  themselves.  About  twplve  years 
ago,  the  assembly  passed  an  act  dividing  the  province 


i.  I 


•i 


•  The  people  Yote  in  Canada  by  word  (/f  mouUi.       -» • .  ^^ 


/    s 


iiito  districts  or  ridings,  every  one  of  which  sends  one 
member  to  parliament  or  the  assembly.  The  number 
of  members  at  present,  August  18l2,  is  twenty-six,  two. 
thirds  of  whom  are  natives  of  the  United  States;*  less 
than  one-third  of  the  justices  of  the  peace  are  Ameri- 
cans ;  the  sheriffs  are  either  Europeans  or  loyalists  ; 
the  jury,  according  to  the  constitution,  must  be  taken 
in  rotation  from  each  township,  as  their  names  stand  on 
the  assessment  roll  or  list  of  names  ;  ef  course  the  ma- 
jority are  always  Americans.  The  majority  of  the 
courts  of  quarter  sessions,  probate,  surrogate,  and 
courts  of  king's  bench,  are  Europeans  ;  yet  the  pro* 
ceedings  of  those  courts  are  regulated  by  the  acts  of 
the  assembly.  ' 

In  the  second  session  of  the  first  parliament,  in 
li^^2 — 3,  an  act  was  passed  to  prevent  the  further  in- 
troduction of  slaves.  The  words  of  that  excellent  act 
being  thus  :  «  Whereas  it  is  unjust  that  a  people  who 
enjoy  freedom,  by  law  should  encourage  slavery- 
That  after  the  passing  of  this  act,  no  person  brought 
into  the  province  shall  be  subject  to  the  condition  of  a 
slave."  All  that  were  then  in  the  province  are  free  at 
twenty-ftve  years  of  age. 

The  taxes  in  Canada  are  very  small;  nopefjSonis 
taxed  more  than  one  penny  upon  the  pound  sterling  he 
is  worth,  according  to  the  valuation  of  property  made 
by  act  of  parliament,  and  which  at  present  \s  not  more 
than  half  of  what  it  would  sell  for.    The  taxes  so  col- 


*No  minister  of  the  goipel  can  get  in  eidier  house,  of  courts  tb.c 
people  are  not  afniid  of  spiritual  tyranny. 


( ^^1  ) 


lectcd  arc  laid  out  by  the  judges  of  the  court  of  quarter 
se&sipnn,  for  the  benefit  of  the  district  from  which  it  is 
collected,  ai^  where  the  court  is — ^it  is  to  pay  the  wages 
of  t^ie.  mecpbers  gfiassembly  sent  from  the  district,  and 
half  of  the  salary  of  the  sheriffs  of  the  same ;  to  build  or 
repair  the  coiirt-house  or  jail,  and  the  like.  The  whole 
c:(f  ence  of  the  government  of  Canada,  except  what  is 
here  noted,  is  paid  by  the  king,  which,  together  with 
the  I|idian  departmeni|;„  cost  him  one  million  and  a  half 
^telling  ajpnual^i  ^apd  which  frees  the  people  from  a 
a^reat  bu|€(ien. 

*Jtj[ie  MoneMts,  Tuhkers/^nd  Quakei'S,  aie  exempt* 
ed  "from  mil^ry  duty , by  paying  annuaRy  in  time  of 
peacli^  five  dollars,  knd.  in  time  of  iVar  twenty.  The 
fiFov^rnor  ^the  provinccf  has  power  by  layp  to  c«ll  out  all 
the  militia,  and  to  cross  them  over  the  line  in  pursuit 
of  sin  enemy  that  has  invaded  the  province,  or  to  de- 
stroy  any  fort  or  fortiiicatifni,  that  may  be  the  means  of 
covering  on  assisting  ah  invasibni  but  in  no  other  cise. 

Stealing  exposes  a  person  tp'di^th,  if  the  thing  stol- 
en is  vr6rth  thirteen  pijiince ;  yet  the  plaintiff  may  value 
it  as  low  a»ne  pleases,  and  if  below  thirteen  penc2,  the 
thief  is  clear.  No  one  has  yet  been  hung  in  Upp^r  Ca- 
nada ibtstealing  ;  however,  the  people  are  afraid  to  ven- 
mrc  their  lives  in  the  hands  of  others,  * 


B  3 


.^ 


1M 


4 


r  i, 

i 


If 


it 


:/    f     I 


',.    i 


!     ! 


IW 


«Nr 


i« 


-''%W 


«lr  i-..S"'j 


l^-^-^. 


*• 


V  DESCRIPTION  QP  NI^kjSA^  FALLS. 


MANV  writers  have  attcipptfj^  ^to  di^scijbe  tfcis  Saiv 
osity  of  nature;  yet  ^  the||pscn|iti^nsth^t  IMverea||, 
appear  to  mMiot  to  be  sufiicie^Iy  illu^n|tive  or  'obr- 
rect  :  1  will  therefore  ^escribe  it^^iysclf,  in  as  pfei^  a> 
maiHierj^as  p(^sp>Ie,  unadori|e(i  'wi(k  an^  fandl^ 
strolces  of  rhetoric,      ^      <^  / 

-In  order  tp  have  a  proper  view  of  the  falls,  and'^l^j^- 
cept  parts,,  (  will  suppose  aj|^rsonJp  be  s|^ing^iii  a  lit-* 
t1^  boat»  out  of  Lal^||<)||^|ri5,  ujp  t|«  Nia^ra  riV$l^  dr 
out»Iet  ofh^e  Erie^  Sdpn  after youkave^^lake\  fern 
pass  the^yiH|ge  of  Ni&g^ra,  on  th^  rightdand,  fia^Nil;^ 
gajraold  fort  on  the  United  States*  side.  A  lflt1«>|asthet 
up,'  you  pass  Fort  George  on  the  righ|-i.here  the  watet 
is  deep  and  smooth.      Vbu  stiH  ^^  ^"^  ^  ^^  south 

,  course,  the  wa|er  being  smooth,  ancfthe  b^^ks  al)oiit^ 
sixteen  feet  high,  and  in  most  places  perpendicular  for 
seven  ^liles.  Here  you^  come  to  Queenston  on  the 
right  hand,  and  Lewiston  on  the  \i^,  or  United  States* 
sjA^/  This  place  i^  called  the  landing,  for  heie  allthj 
iMlngof  vessels  aestined  for  the  country,  each  side  of 

„  Lake  Erie,  and  the  Michigan  territory,  are  taken  o«' 


4nd  conveyed  ^^ihe  mountain  or  slope,  9  miles,  to  the 
still  wskter,2  Qiiles  above  the  fajls.  The  ascentof  this  slope, 
though  300  feet  high,  is  very  easy.  The  river  here  is 
half  a  mile  wide,  and  a  little  above  there  is  a  whirl  of 
cons^eiable  depth,  though  not  dangeroys.*  After  yo)i 
pass  tihi»  place  3pO  ytrdb,  y^u  ^t.er  the  dismal  chime  : 
and  instead  of  the  lively  piospect  of  the  sailing  of  ships 
with  %ing  colors,  fniithil  (ields  and  pleasant  land- 
scapes, you  are  all  at  once  buried  in  a  grave  of  at  least 
300  fi^ct  deep;  Altho^h  it  is  open  at  the  top,  should 
you  look  up,  the  sight  is  truly  gloomy  :  the  banks  are 
perpendicular,  and  ih  ^oroe  jj^aces  aaore  than  perpendi- 
cular, aboundiiig  with  craggy  rocks  hanging  over  your 
head  iii  ^  frightful  mtutHier  :  near  the  surface,  there  are 
to  he  seen  fkt  rotsks  projecting  towards  each  o^er  in  a 
horizontal  position. f  Vou  stiA  ro'w  on  a  south  direction 
with  little  variation,  the  wat^  is  considerably  rapid,  and 
thehanks  have  neat^l|F  the  lilpie  i^earance,  until  with- 
in i^out  a  tx^e  of  t^  cataraot,  whei%  the  banks  are  not 
quite  so  .high ;  but  still  aH  is  glooniy,  as  you  are  buried 
from  the  si^rht  of  the  ImuI  of  the  living,  and  must  be 
filled  with  haunted  thoughts  of  five  hundred  murdere4 
dead,  that  in  on^  fatal  liour,  plunged  into  the  migfity 
grave  nfearwhichiyou  now  ate.  ^»  r^ 

As  you>.proce^,  the  water  becomes  very  rapid,  and 

*  This  place  is  fncmoreble.  Here  the  AmericaDs  crossed  (jo  tite  l^ih 
of  October,  1812,  to  invfide  Canada. 

t  This  place  is  also  meiponible.  Down  in  this  dreadful,  chimc^  a 
number  of  the  Ann^caQ  soldiers  were.drove  headlong  by  the  Indians,  af- 
ter they  had  surrendered  themselves  prisoners  of  war,  to  [the  British,  ^m 
the  13Ui  of  October,  1812. 


D4 


♦' 


»'^ 


-% ' 


^ 


I 


r^r^i 


at  length  the  mighty  falls  appear  in  full  tremendous 
view,  and  fill  the  ear  with  dismal  roar.  It  is  8  miles 
from  Queenston.  When  you  arrive  within  30fr<' yards 
of  the  cataract,  you  must  stop.  Here  Uie  bed  of  the 
Hver  widens:  and  is  not  sunk  more  than  half  tl^  dis- 
tance below  the  surface^  as^it  was  «(t  your  first  entrance 
of  the  chime.  A  view  of  ^c  horizon  is  of  course' niore 
eitiensive.  In  sitting  in  ^up  little  hkrk,  the  abojire  di^- 
tancey"  with  your  face  to  the  south,  before  you  ilo#s  the 
main  body  of  water,  kiaf  plttng|s  over  with  a  tceitiefi- 
dous  dash.  About  60  yards  of  the  middle  of  this  ca^a< 
ract  is  much  deeper»than  ^ctc^^  inconsequence  of  a 
chime  sunk  in  the  rock».  The  Water  has  a  bluish  green 
ap^arance.  On  your  left  hand,  comes  the  other  part 
of  the  ri^r^;  not  do  Urge  by  a  sjxth  part,  aifid  falls  d|er 
also.  '  •  - '^   ^  .        --    v% 

This  river  is  divided  into4wo  separate  pitches,  each 
four  hundred  yards  in  Width.*  This  division  is  i^dc 
by  a  small  island,  criowding  up  to  the  verge  of  the  rock, 
near  the  middle.  It  <extends  halfia  mile  up  the  stream 
and  terminates  in  a-  point,  whevc  the  watef  divides  to 
the  right  and  left.  ^       •         ' 

fhc  ^orm  of  the  cataract  bends  inwards,  or  is  nearly 
a  semicircle.  By  the  striking  force  of  (the  falling  water 
on  thai  below«  wind  is  pre^^sed  under,  ^hich  rises  below 


*  Great  niimben  of  small  eels  iftay  tie  seen  on  the  edf;;e  of  the  heacli, 
below  the  falls.  They  are  trying  to  get  over ;  but  cannot  sucteetl,  unless 
8011)6  one  assists  tlieni.  Numbers  of  dead  fish  and  other  mimals  pay  be 
seen  sn  die  beach,  havii^  been  wash'd  o\:er  the  cataract*,  '   ' 


-J-" 


"..'?- 


^7.-- 
*■     . 
^ 


^. 


(    65     ) 


in  a  fcaming  manner,  though  not  to  any  height  or  vio* 

lenccf 

The  Ume-stoi^  r^ck  Qn  the  United  States'  side,  over 
v^hich  tidewater  flows,  shelves  considerably,  and  leaves  a 
large  cfivity  betweea  the  base  and  falling  column  of 
water*  and,  were  it  not  for  the  depression  of  air,  a  per- 
son m^ht  walk  some  disti^nQe  in  it  without  being  wet. 

The  mighty  dash  of  so  gr^at  a  body  of  water  on  the 
bed  be||pw,  raises  a  fog  or  small  rain,  which  mounts  up 
two  tbpusai^  feet,  in^l^ch,  [when  the  sun,  shines] 
may  be  «eep  a  variety  of  beautiful  rainbows.  This  fog 
spread  to  a  considerable  distance,  and  proves  a  fecun- 
dating moisture  for  the  circumjacent  woods  and  fields, 
the  sdperidr  freshness  and  luxuriancy  of  which  are 
strikingly  pej^jieptjil^le.  This  fog  can  be  seen  in  clear 
weatW^  ^ox  40  miles,  particularly  by  persons  on  the 
lakcsl iind  often  serves  as  a  gu»de  for  sailing. 

In  the  winter,  this  ti^in  lighting  upon    the  neighbor* 
[ini;  t<*^s,  congeals  in  a  thousand  ^shapes,  forming  a  ro- 
mantic and  pleasing  appearance., 

Abo'it  half  a  mi]e  above  the  lalk,  what  are  called  the 
rapids  begin*,  and  descend  fifty  feet  to  the  cataiact^ 
The  draft  of  this  rapid  is  so  great,  that  it  oitcn  reackfs 
ducks  and  geese,  when  they  appear  to,  be  half  a  mile 
iger.  and  Wn 


out  of  danger,  and  Wnen  once  under  the  i^ifluenee  of 
the  impetuous  current,  they  cannot  get  on  the  wing 
again.  Indians  with  their  canoses  have  been  knowo  to 
be  frresistibly  carried  down  the  rapid,  and  have  disij- 
cared  for  ever.  ''* 


%■ 


t  Tljis  Mr.  Ellicott  compares  to  codes  of  hay ;  but  I  have  never  seeh 
;»i  Uiing  of  tjiat  appearancek 


i 


1  ■  i 


r.,ii 


II 


it) 


4 


(     66     ) 

-'■  •     .  --■'■-'  »■ 

.  Above  this  rapid,  the  river  spreads  to  nearly  3  tnil^s 
wide,  and  is  shallow,  with  several  small  ii»la>»c?s. 

The  river  now  has  a  south'east  coyrse  to  Grand 
Island,  9  miles  wide,  and  then  south  to  Lake  Erie, 
where  it  is  only  a  mile  \v\de.  This  is  20  miles  from  the 
falls  by  water.  From  this  place,  you  may  sail  more 
than  1000  miles  if  ygu  wish,  to  the  end  of  Lak^  Supe* 
rior,  without  encountering  any  more  falls.  •  ,• 

If  my  reader  pleases,  1  will  invite  him  back  again,  to 
view  and  contemplate  a  little  more  this  awful  scene. 
On  both  sides  of  the  rapids,  above  the  f^Us,  the  banks 
of  the  river  are  quite  low,  and  there  are  many  convc* 
nient  situatipns  for  watei-.works.  Several  ace  now  erect< 
ed,yet  there  is  room  for  more.  Wth  a  snMkll  eX^nse, 
a  large  quantity  of  water  can  be  brought  in  use  to  do 
great  execution. 

The  perpendicular  pitch  of  this  vast  body  of  waCbr  is 
one  hundred  and  forty-four  feet-«>add  to  this  fifty  feet 
which  the  water  descends  above  the  fall?,  and  -^stven- 
ty  teet  below,  and  we  find  that  the  fiver  descends* 
in  8  miles  and  a  "half,  two  hundred  and  sixty- four 
feet.  Some  who  have  never  seen  this  river,  sup- 
pose it  to  be  much  less  than  it  is,  while  others  suppose 
it  to  be  larger.  Indeed  it  is  hard  for  any  one  to  jud^e 
with  propriety,  that  has  seen  it,  its  ttiere  are  but  S  miles 
in  the  whole  length  of  the  river,  between  the  two  lakes, 
where  any  current  can  be  been,  and  that  is  very  rapid. 

For  the  contemplation  of  the  curious,  who  may  per- 
haps never  see  the^>e  falls,  1  have  made  the  following  cjI- 
eulation,  from  which  they  may  form  some  toleruhle  cor- 
rect idea  of  the  quantity  of  water  thatf*lls  over  ihis  cata 
raft. 


(    67     )       " 

Say  that  each  of  the  spaces  over  which  the  water  pitch- 

|es,  is  400  yards  wide,  or  1200  feet.     The  most  shallow 

)nc  of  these,  or  that  on  the  United  States'  side,  is  3  feet 

leep  on  the  verge  of  the  rock  over  which  it  falls.     Now 

Sf  we  multiply  its  depth  [3  feet]  into  its  width,  [1200 

leetj  we  have  3600  cuhic  or  solid  feet  of  water  on  the 

rerge of  the  precipice.     As  there  are  62  pounds  avoiidu- 

)ois  in  a  cubic  or  solid,  foot  of  water,  and  a  lillle  mote, 

/hich  we  will  leave  out  to  avoid  fractions,  so  it  wc  miil- 

iply  62,the  pounds  in  a  square  foot  of  water,  into  .'3600, 

Ihe  number  of  feet  of  water  on  the  verge,  we   have 

i23,200  pounds  of  water  on  the  verge  of  the  precipice. 

lut  when  w©  consider  the  laws  of  giavity  respecting 

jouting  fluids  and  falling  bodies,  we  shall  find  the  water 

^fthis  cataract  receives  a  vast  additional  weight  by  the 

ime  it  comes  to  the  lowest  point  of  fall.  In  order,  there- 

)re,  to  find  this  additional  v^eight,  we  must  note  the 

)llowing  things  ; — 

•'HrAvy  bodies  near  the  surface  of  the  earth,  fall  [ 

>ot  the  first  quarter  of  a  second,  3  feet  the  second,  5 

set  the  third,  and  7  feet  in  the  fourth  quarter  ;  that  is, 

|6  feet  in  the  first  second.     Let  go  three  bullets  toge- 

icr — stop  the  first  atone  second,  and  it  will  have  fallen 

to  feet ;  stop  the  next  at  the  cn^  of  the  second  second, 

Ind  it  will  have  fallen  [2X2=4]  four  times  sixteen, 

ir  sixty-four  feet;  and  stop  the  last  at   the  end  of  the 

lird  second,  and  the  distance  fallen  will  be  [3X3=:9] 

line  times  sixteen  or  one  bundled  and  fo.  fy-four  feet, 

id  so  on.     Now  the  momentum,  or  force  witit  'vhich 

falling  body  E.iikes,  is  equal  to  its  weight  mulLi|.lied 

its  velocity,*'  and  in  prdcr  to  find  which,  we  musV 


ii ' 


7\    ' 


i:, 


s^.i 


4y 


(     68     ) 


i    i 


I:  a 


':H    '  : 


M  multiply  the  perpendicular  6^ce  fallen  through  by 
dixty-four,  and  the  square  root  ol  the  product  is  the 
velocity  required.'*    See  Pike's  Arithmetic,  page  362 — 5. 
X     From  calculation,  we  find  that  the  water  of  this  cata< 
ract  is  three  seconds  descending  the  144  feet  and  thatj 
the  velocity  acquired  in  that  time  and  distance  to  be  96, 
which  if  we  multiply  into  -i23,200,  the  num-^ei  of  poundsl 
of  water  on  the  top  of  the  rock,  we  find  that  21,427,200 
is  the  weight  thereof  at  its  lowest  poinc  ut  fall :  this  is 
the  weight  of  the  water  of  the  smallest  part  of  the  cataj 
ract,  or  that  on  the  Uniteii  States  side     I'he  other  parti 
of  the  falls  as  has  been  noted,  is  at  least  6  tiroes  as  large,! 
that  is  6   times  ti)e  quantity  of  water  flows  over  it,| 
^'ow  if  we  multiply  the  abov^sum  [21,427,200]  by  6, 
we  shall  have  the  enormous  sum  of  128,563,200.'*'  pounds] 
of  water,  which  falls  on  the  bed  of  the  liver  below. 
^     No  wondor  then,  that  the  solid  rock  and  distant  surl 
hce  bend  beneath  the  mighty  pressure,  and  that  thtl 
sound  is  often  heard  at  the  distance  of  20,  and  some*! 
times  50  miles.     However,  it  must  be  here  noticed  thatl 
falling  bodies  meet  with  resistance  from  the  air  throughl 
l^hich  they  pass,  which  is  always  in  proportion  to  tli 
distance  fallen,  the  velocity  of  the  motion  and  dtmen 
sions  of  their  sur&ces  ;  or  in  other  words,  the  water 
this  cataract  is  considerably  resisted  by  theaii  throughl 
which  it  falls,  from  which  circumstance  it  appears  tha 


' 


*  Some  writers  In^vc  stnted  the  quantity  of  water  that  falli  over 
cataract  much  greater  thau  I  have  noted,  even  at  2,948,400  cubic  tf^ 
tach  miuute  r  and  that  the  weight  (liereof  is  184,275,000  puundt^wi 
out  count iitg  the  additional  weight  it  receives  according  to  tlic  la>i^i| 
gravity.— [See  Voyage  daui  la  haute  Puisyivnnie. 


f    69     )  ^ 

there  ought  to  be  some  reduction  from  its  weight  or  strikt 
ing  force,  at  its  lowest  point  of  fall  '  yet  when  we  ob* 
serve  that  fluids  act  by  piessure  and  gravity  both,  and 
that  every  part  of  this  cataract  is  of  some  depth,  and 
about  60  yards  is  18  feet  deep,  where  the  pressure  is  great, 
of  course  we  may  fairly  calculate  that  the  pressure  out- 
balances the  resistance.  But  as  fluids  are  non-elastic, 
they  do  not  produce  but  half  the  effect  of  perfect  elastic 
bodies.  Were  the  water  of  this  cataract  a  perfect  elas. 
tic  body,and  fell  on  a  perfect  elastic  base,  the  striking 
force  and  sound  would  be  just  four  times  as  great  as  it 
now  is.  Several  writers  who  have  vnrote  a  description 
of  this  cataract  and  the  adjaoent  parts,  have  stated  that 
I  the  falls  were  once  down  at  the  landing  on  the  north 
side  of  the  slope  or  mountain,  alreudy  noted.  And 
« that  from  the  great  length  of  time,  quantity  of  water, 
and  distance  from  which  it  fell,  the  solid  rock  is  worn 
[away  for  7  miles  up  the  stream,  to  where  it  is  now.'*  To 
me  it  is  plain  that  neither  of  these  assertion;:  are  true. 
Whoever  will  take  the  pains  to  view  the  chasm  from  the 
|beg'\:ung  of  the  slope  through  which  the  water  now 
I  flows  up  to  the  falls,  must  be  convinced  of  the  mistake, 
for  the  banks  are  not  solid  rock,  but  are  in  some  places 
sand,  in  others  sand  and  clay,  and  in  others  solid  rock, 
ilso  trees,  bushes,  loose  rocks  and  stones,  but  in  very  few 
)laces  are  the  banks  of  solid  rock  on  both  sides.*  That 


i  V: 


*  General  Lincoln,  who  viewed  the  bonks  of  diis  river  in  the  yea*'  1794, 

lyi,  **  on  •  parefiil  examination  of  the  banks  of  the  river  it  was  evidenc 

It  there  was  no  good  foundation  for  this  (the  aboire)  opinion.**— See  a 

teinMonc*!  Oaaettear,  printod  hi  Boston,  in.  1797,  tinder  the  word 


(   ro  ) 

the  cataract  was  ever  down  at  the  north  side  of  the  slope, 
is  a  conjecture  to  me  very  improbable,  for  if  it  was  ever 
there,itmust  have  fallen  from  those  flat  and  horizontal 
rocks  already  named,  and  which  ar^  near  the  surface  of 
the  ground.  The  surface  of  the  ground,  or  top  of  the 
slope,  where  the  fails  are  supposed  once  to  have  been, 
is  b  feet  higher  than  the  still  water  above  the  rapids  al* 
ready  noted,  according  to  measurement,  and  but  1  foot 
lower  than  the  lower  end  of  Lake  Erie. 

Now  as  there  is  a  considerable  hollow  on  the  United 
States'  side,  about  half  way  between  the  falls  and  the 
top  of  the  mountain,  it  is  evident  the  whole  river  would 
have  found  its  way  into  Lake  Ontario  through  this  hoi  I 
low,  rather  than  rise  at  least  30  feet  to  flow  over  the  top 
of  the  mountain  or  slope, 
^  From  th^  faUs  the  ground  is  level  in  every  direction,! 
and  On  the  Canada  side,  6elds  are  cultivated  to  the  verge 
of  the  bank  in  some  places.  The  cataract  may  be  seenj 
from  some  directions,  at  the  distance  ot  4  miles. 

It  is  curious  to  see  all  the  trees  near  this  cataract  cutl 
on  the  bark  for  a  considerable  distance  up,  all  over  with 
the  initials  or  first  letters  ok'  persons'  names,  with  the 
year  in  which  they  were  cut :  some  of  these  dates  are 
of  « ODsiderable  age  ;    1  discovered  two  that  had  beenl 
madetwo  bundled  and  seven  years  ago,  or  in  1606,  whichl 
was  two  years  before  the  province  was  settled  by  the! 
Fiench,  though  it  was  discovered  by  the  English  three 
hundred  and  sixteen  yeais  ago,  or  in  the  year  1497, 
There  is  a  ladder  provided,  144  feet  long,  to  go  down| 
into  the  clvism,  though  there  is  but  few  will  venture.* 

*  I  i^m  told  this  ladder  was  fixed  l^eoe  by  the  oiden  and  at  the  cx[ 


(     71     ) 

The  Massaugus  nation  of  Indians  used  to  sacrifice  t# 
this  cataiact,  before  tney  were  vi.^iied  by  the  Roman 
Catholic  priests. 

About  two  \ears  ago,  some  of  the  is'and,  aheariy  nam- 
ed, fell  to  the  bottom  with  a  gi  eat  sound. 

Those  of  my  readers  who  at  e  fond  of  fanciful  descrip- 
tive painting,  will  not  be  otrVt^'Jed  l)ecause  I  have  added 
thetbllowing  short  account  of  \h'\s  cataraict, raken  in  the 
winter  season.     It  was  wiote  hv  a  French  trae ^ller  : 

««Wmter  itself,  which  is  said  to  sadden  the^face  of  uni- 
versal nature,  seems  to  exercise  its  power  on  the  cata- 
ract of  Niagara  only  to  clothe  it  with  the  most  biilliant 
and  most  fiaintastic  pomp. 

<(  Doling  the  fair  days  that  occasionally  enliven  the 
gloom  of  winter,  the  cataract,  when  irradiated  by  the 
meiidian  sun,  exhibits  to  the  eyes  and  to  the  fancy  o^ 
the  beholder,  one  of  the  rarest,  and  perhaps,  one  of  the 
most  magnitii-ent  scenes  upon  ea  th.  The  trees,  the 
bushes,  the  rocks,  the  prominent  aspeiities  of  the  cliffs, 
the  breakers  at  the  rapids,  in  short,  whatever  strikes  the 
view  in  summer,  disappears  at  this  season,  and  makes 
room  for  objects  of  aforni  and  complexion  entirely  dit 
ferent;  You  behold,  as  it  were,  a  new  creation.  The 
I  vapours  which  arise  from  the  cataract,  driven  by  the 
windsto  a  considerable  dib.ince,  and  condensed  by  the 
rigor  of  the  cold,  adhere  to  all  those  surfaces,  covers 


,  > .( 


[)f  alady  (V6in  Boston;  whoaflerit  wai  finished  was  the  flrit  that  ven- 
tured down.   I  am  sorry  that  I  cannot  record  her  name. 
There  is  anothf  r  ladder  on  the  west  or  Canada  bank,  hewn  out  or  the 
ilid  rock.   It  was  done  by  order  of  fi^ovemor  S|inco0|^  Air  bit  My  to  f? 
luwn  into  the  chasoir 


»■■ ^,. 


•> 


,!:>• 


i.i 


(    72    ) 

tkem  with  lobes  of  a  refulgent  whit^eds,  with  chrj^staU 
and  mouldings  eleganily  sculptured,  with  glazed  frost 
and  icicles,  the  numberless  and  fantastic  aggregatibni 
of  which  resemble  those  splendid  dreams  to  which 
health,  youth,  and  happiness  give  birth.  Sometimes 
yoQio^l^Nieto  see  Oothic  structures,  rows  of  pillars  di3< 
^|Kiied^4ecocding  to  the  rules  of  xtial  perspective,  an. 
,ci<6t||t  cfistles,  ruins,  or  massy  fabrics,  grouped  and  fash« 
ioned  with  wonderful  skill  and  precision. 

«  The  sides  of  the  cliiTs,  so  lugubrious,  so  dark  dur. 
ing  the  summer,  are  then  adorned  with  an  icy  plating  of  I 
unparalleled  brilliancy ;  and  the  trees  on  their  summits 
appear  converted  into  so  many  transparent  obelisks. 
The  breakers  at  the  rapids  resemble  pedestals  surmount- 
ed with  blocks  of  alabaster,  which  the  chi?el  of  some 
able  sculptor  would  have  figured  into  gigantic  stiMtna, 
beings  of  a  supernatural  appearance,  birds  o;  enormous 
siz#k     The  rocky  fragments  that  gird  the  vast  circum. 
ference  of  the  gulph  now  look  like  an  immense  zone  ofl 
ice,  formed  by  the  spurting  up  of  the  water,  which  thel 
intensity  of  the  cold  incessantly  arrests  and  consolidates. 
Here,  you  imagine  to  see  stalactics,  40  feet  high  ;  therej 
fluted  or  truncated  columns ;  farther,  pyramids^  caria- 
tides,*  busts,  or  whatever  rich  and  magnificent  9bjeotSj| 
a  powerful  and  luxuriant  fancy  can  create. 

M  AH  the  trees  and  shrubs  tliat  grow  among  the  rocks,! 
or  on  the  steep  sides  of  the  cliffs,  long-lived  cedars,  old| 

*  CariaUdfli  ace  certain  eolomni,  having  the  form  of  women  imyed  i^ 
long  white  robet*    These  columns  do  not  deviate  much  fi-om  the  Ionic  i 
der,  and  are  formed  in  grottoei  and  caverns  by  tte  acthm  ot'  water  u] 
gravd  nid  land. 


(    73    ) 

suid  mossy  he;inlocks,  aged  larches,  and  gigantic  pities^ 
are  then  beautifully  crystalized,  and  add  to  the  biilliancy 
of  this  splendid  hyperborean  scene.  -  Olten,  too,  yielding 
to  the  pressure  of  their  massy  ornaments,  they  disappear, 
and  roll  to  the  bottom  of  the  chasm. 

«  The  intermediate  island,  so  fresh,  so  verdant  durino" 
the  summer,  now  assdme"",  as  every  oth^r  surronndi 
ing  object,  a  form  entirely  dissimilar.  The  trunks,  the 
branches,  and  the  heads  of  the  trees  with  which  it  is 
covered,  the  shrubs,  the  mosses,  the  soil  itself,  in  shorty 
<6very  thing  is  changed.  I'he  whole  is  clad  and  embel- 
lished by  the  rigor  of  the  season  with  etBoi  es»cent  conge. 
Ijitions,  equally  varied  in  their  aspect  and  in  their  size. 
The  trees  resemble  lofty  pyramids^  the  white  and  bril> 
liant  summits  of  which  beautifully  contrast  with  the 
azure  fields  of  the  sky.  From  the  extremities  of  their 
branches  hang  irradiated  festoons  of  ice,  like  rich  clus- 
ters ot  sparkling  gems,  aod  bright  diamonds ;  the  sight 
I  of  these,  especially  when  they  are  gently  waved  by  soft 
breezes,  produces  on  the  fancy  a  magic  impressLpn. 
When  detached  by  their  weight,  or  the  violence  of  the 
wind,  they  fly  round  in  exiguous  and  numberless  frag, 
ments,  the  regrets  attending  their  loss  are  alljsviated  by 
the  picturesque  imagery  which  their  very  fall  exhibi|;9. 
**  It  is  difficult  to  assign  any  object  in  nature  to  which 
Iwe  may  compare  this  island  thus  beaming  with  glory, 
light,  atvd  transparency.     Sometimes  it  rettaces  to  the 

lemory  those  beautiful  conceptions  of  the  glowing 
fancy  of  the  Arabs ;  those  enchanted  castles,  built  by^the 

lost  in(;entous  fairies ;  or   it  suggests  the  idea  of  the 
solitary  abode  of  some  Dlviniiv,  who  anxious  to  shup 


■ii'i 


;.' 


4 


i'i 


(    7*    )    , 

the  importunaU  homage  of  mortals,  would  have  choser^ 
for  a  retreat  the  very  brink  of  that  tremendous  precipice, 
as  entirely  inaccessible  to  them. 

«  Here  the  invigorated  ^cy  expands,  and  becomes  a 
creative  power ;  whilst  soaring,  with  bold  flight,  amid 
so  many  tiew  objects,  it  decorates  them  with  the  most 
l>nl)iaiit  colors." 

S^rmg, — Two  miles  above  the  falls,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Chippeway  creek,  there  is  a  spring  of  water, 
whose  vapor  is  highly  inflammable,  and  is  emitted  ior  a 
timie  Hith  a  considerable  degree  of  force.  If  collected 
within  a  narrow  compass,  it  is  capable  of  supporting 
combustion  for  twenty  minutes,  and  of  communicating 
to  water  placed  over  it  in  a  contlncd  vessel,  the  degree 
of  boiling  temperature. 

Devil's  Hole. — Some  distance  below  the  falls,  on  the  j 
United  States'   side,  near  the  chime,  there  is  a  hole, 
called  the  DeviKs  Hole,  300  yards  in  circuit,  and  300 1 
feet  deep,  with  trees  and  craggy  rocks  sticking  to  the  i 
inner  surface.     In  the  bottom  of  this  hole  there  is  water,] 
supposed  to  be  of  great  depth.     In  the  French  wars  in  i 
this  province,  in  1759,  there  was  a  company   of  five 
hundred  American  and  British  soldiers,  with  all  their 
^^^S^S^  waggons,  niarching  by  this  hole;  when  they 
were  all  driven  into  it,  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  by 
a  company  of  French,  who  lay  in  ambush.     Only  two 
men  escaped.      One  of  them  now  lives  five  miles  from] 
the  place. 

Lake, — What  is  called  the  Mountain  Lake,  may  be  I 
reckoned  among  the  natural  curiosities  of  this  country.  | 
This  lake  is  situated  in  Hallowell  township,  Piifice  Ed- 


(    75    ) 


ward  county,  Midland  district,  34  miles  from  Kingston, 
on  the  bay  shore.  It  lies  on  the  top  <rf  «  mountain 
jadged  to  be  200  feet  high ;  but  in  the  month  of  Decern. 
ber,  1812,  I  stood  on  the  ice  of  the  Bay,  in  front  of 
it,  and  after  taking  the  height  1  found  it  to  be  only  160 
feet.  This  lake  is  about  3  miles  in  circumference,  and 
very  deep  in  most  places,  abounding  with  fisli  of  difTer- 
ent  sorts.  How  fish  could  get  inta  this  lake  is  a  matter 
of  deep  speculation,  as  it  has  no  connection  with  the 
bay  or  lake,  only  by  a  small  stream  that  flows  from  it 
into  the  bay,  by  a  fall  of  160  feet  nearly  perpendicnlar. 

Under  these  falls  there  is  now  a  grist  mill,  near  the 
bay  shore,  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Vanalstine. 

IVkirlpooi. — In  the  chasm  already  noted ,  4  miles  above 
Queenston,  and  3  miles  below  the  falls,  there  is  a  terrific 
whirlpool  in  a  gloomy  basin,  formed  by  the  current  in 
the  midst  of  lofty  preci'  ces  clothed  with  woods.  Pre- 
vious to  its  entering  this  bay  the  stieam  drives  its  broken, 
interrupted  waters  over  a  sudden  slope,  upwards  of  40 
feet  in  height,  and  thus  proceeds,  foaming  past  the  bed 
it  afterwards  takes,  which  being  around  the  head  of  a 
precipitous  promontoy,  its  weight  and  velocity  obliges 
it  to  pass  on,  and  to  make  the  circuit  of  the  bann  before 
it  can  flow  through  the  channel.  It  has  apparently 
made  an  effort  to  break  through  the  bank  at  the  west, 
ward,  but  the  rock  was  d  obably  too  solid.  The  straca  to 
the  northward  were  found  more  penetrable,  and  through 
these  it  has  forced  a  passage^ 

A  tide  rising  to  the  height  of  two  and  an  half  feet,  and 
again  falling  every  minute,  is  observable  all  around  the 
basin.    I'liis  gulph  usually  contains  a  quantity  of  fioftt> 


'fijit  It 

ill 


m 
I 


fiia 


'I 


I  .1 


» '  h  « 


-1 

I 

t 


(    76    )  , 

in'g  timber,  which  continues  to  revolvein  the  eddy  about 
eace  in  a  half  hour  and  will  sometimes  remain  in  this 
state  for  months.  At  one  particular  part  the  floating 
substances  are  made  to  rise  on  one  end,  after  which 
they  are  swallowed  down  by  the  vortex. 

There  are  several  other  natural  curiosities  in  this 
proYitice,  among  which  might  be  named  the  several 
fells  that  are  in  the  Twenty-mile  Creek,  which,  like 
the  Niagara,  flows  over  the  same  mountain.  One  of 
these  falls  has  77  feet  6f  a  perpendicular  pitch  ;  after 
which  the  water  run«  for  a  considerable  distan'c^e  with 
great  violence,  and  pitches  over  again. 


HLr»|if» 


DESCRIPTION 


or 


Vv' 


^^ni^^$t  i4tti>. 


THE  great  tract  of  land  now  to  be  described  has 
never  yet  received  a  name,  neither  have  its  boundaries 
ever  been  designated ;  of  course  it  appears  to  fall  to  my 
lot  to  do  both,  and,  as  I  know  of  no  better  name,  I  will 
call  it  North-west  Land.  1  give  it  this  name  because 
of  its  relative  situation,  as  it  lays  in  the  north.west  corner 
of  North  America. 

To  note  the  boundaries  of  North-west  Land,  it  is  pro- 
per to  begin  at  the  crossing  of  the  lines  of  the  95th  de. 
gree  of  west  longitude  from  Greenwich,  and  that  of  the 
48th  degree  of  north  latitude  from  the  equator,  which 
is  in  the  middle  of  Red  Lake,  situated  50  miles  north  of 
the  head  of  the  river  Mississippi,  on  the  line  that  extends 
from  the  Lake  of  the  Woods  to  the  said  river,  and  which 
is  the  line  between  the  British  and  American  possessions 
in  these  parts. 

This  Red  Lake  being  then  the  comer,  the  south  line 

E  2 


n 


III 


!   ! 


i',i'i 


I ; '  < 


-  C    7«     ) 

pursue  a  due  west  course,  passes  north  gf  one  of  the 
forks  of  the  Missouri  River,  crosses  the  great  Stony 
Mountain,  which  divides  the  waters  of  the  Atlantic 
from  those  that  ran  into  the  Pacific  ocean,  then  crosses 
the  Columlnan  River,  no  great  distance  from  its  mouth, 
and  finally  strikes  the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  between 
lVhiibey*s  Harbor  and  Queen  ffythe,  in  north  latitude  48, 
and  west  longitude  125,  which  is  90  miles  north  of  the 
Columbian  River,  being  a  line  that  passes  30  degrees  of 
longitude. 

From  Queen  Hythe  the  line  pursues  a  north-west  direc. 
tion  along  the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  a  little  south  of 
Snug  Comer  Cove,*  in  lat.  60,  and  long.  127,  and  from 
hence  the  line  will  pursue  the  said  line  of  127  long,  a 
due  north  course  to  the  degree  of  70  north  on  the  Fro- 
zen sea,  being  a  line  that  passes  22  degrees  of  north 
latitude ;  from  hence  the  line  pursues  the  shore  of  the 
Frozen  sea  duly  east  till  it  meets  the  line  of  New  Britain 
at  the  95th  degree  of  west  longitude.  This  north  line 
passes  32  degrees  of  longitude.  It  then  pursues  a  due 
south  course  west  of  Hudson  Bay,  to  the  line  of  Upper 
Canada. 

Having  designated  the  lines  of  North-west  Land,  we 
shall  now  note  its  situation  and  extern,  Tt  lays  between  48 
and  70  degrees  of  north  latitude,  and  95  and  127  of  west 

Norih>west  Land  is  bounded  east  by  New  Britain  and 
p9.Tt  of  Upper  Canada,  south  by  Louisiana,  west  by  the 


*  The  corner  of  this  is  within  200  miles  of  part  of  the  Russian  settle* 
loent. 


«»  .. 


;  (  79  ) 

N'jrth  Pacijic  ocean t  and  north-west  by  lllterin^i  strait ,_ 
which  separates  America  from  Asia,  and  north  by  the 
Frozen  sea. 

North-west  Land  is  1320  geographical  miles  wide  from 
south  CO  north,  and  1200  long  from  east  to  west,  on  the 
bouth  side,  but  is  not  more  than  900  on  the  north. 

Surface »-^North-west  Land  \b  in  general  level,  although 
there  are  some  high  mountains  in  it.  •  »• 

The  following  may  be  noted  thus  :  The  great. range 
of  mountains  seen  by  mariners  from  the  Atlantic  ocean» 
when  sailing  from  N.  Foundland  to  the  gulph  of  St. 
Lawrence,  take  their  rise  a  little  north  of  the  said  gulph, 
and  with  some  variation,  extend  a  south-west  course  to 
the  50th  degree  of  north  lat.  and  90th  of  west  long, 
where  one  part  branches  off  a  north.west  course,  extend. 
ing  north-east  of  Lake  Winnipic  to  ChurchJull  River,  in 
lat.  51,  20;  when  it  takes  a  south-west  direction  to 
long.  112,  and  lat.  48,  wnen  it  again  turns  north-west 
to  57  degrees  north,  and  then  duly  north  to  the  degree 
of  65.  -    ,  - 

Near  the  north  end  of  this  mountain,  another  extends 
a  soath-west  course  as  far  as  Mackenzie's  river,  in  long. 
122,  and  lat.  64.  This  mountain  then  divides  ;  one  part 
extends,  with  some  interruption,  down  the  i^^id  river, 
and  with  it  dips  into  the  North  sea  ;  the  other  part 
extends  nearly  a  south-west  course  for  a  distance  of  1200 
miles,  and  is  generally  360  miles  wide,  across  from  east 
to  west  ;  and  3350  feet  high,  from  the  level  of  tji% 
ground  below. 

The  south  end  of  this  mountain  extends  some  hun^ 
dred  miles  into  Louisiana, 

E3 


( 


80 


) 


These  monntains  are  very  rocky  and  stony,  and  are 
always  covered  with  snow,  especially  their  northern 
ends.  A  range  of  mountains,  ol'  considerable  elevation, 
extend  with  some  interruptions  along  the,«coast  of  the 
Pacific,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  to  Cook\ 
Entry . 

Excepting  these  mountains,  already  noted,  the  rest 
of  this  extensive  country  is  quite  level  and  clear  of  stone, 
especially  the  south-west  part. 

.  Mackenzie  notes  that  there  is  a  large  tract  of  land  to 
the  north  oP  the  60th  degree,  between  Hudson  Bay  and 
the  Slave  Lake,  which  is  almost  entirely  covered  with 
stone,  and  void  of  timber.  Near  the  foot  of  all  the 
mountains  there  is  a  strip  of  boggy  ground,  not  gene, 
rally  accessible  to  the  human  track.  The  surface  of 
no  country,  perhaps  in  the  world,  is  so  much  broken 
and  intercepted  by  lakes  and  rivers  of  water  as  NoriU- 
weH  Land  ;  nevertheless  those  lakes  and  rivers  are  not 
without  their  advantages, 

,  SaiL — It  cannot  be  expected^  that  the  whole  soil  of 
^orth.westLand  is  good,  yet  it  is  cerUin  that  it  coiitain^^^ 
a  very  large  portion  of  excellent  soil,  and  perhaps  no 
country,  of  the  same  extent,  and  in  the  same  latitude, 
alfordb  so  much. 

The  soil  of  the  mountains  and  high  grounds  i^  in 
general  stony,  gravelly,  and  poor ;  that  in  the  vallies 
l^nd  on  the  borders  of  the  lakes  and  rivers,  and  on  the 
kvel  ground,  is  of  a  rich  black  mould,  sometimes  mixt 
with  sand  ;  this  is  particularly  the  case  in  the  south-wcsi 
and  ^outh  parts. 

A  considerable  quantity  of  this  country  is  overflo\nd 


At. 


(    81     ) 


Avith  shallow  ponds  of  water  in  the  winter,  but  in  the 
summer  they  are  entirely  dry.  These  places  arc  quite 
rich,  producing  abundance  of  grass,  wild  oats,  rice,  po. 
tatoes,  and  wild  hops. 

Climate. — Although  all  parts  of  North-west  Land  lays 
north  of  the  4Sth  degree,  yet  a  great  part  of  it  enjoys  a 
tolerable  climate,  much  more  so  than  one  would  expect, 
had  it  not  been  ascertained  by  experience. 

BMt  it  must  be  here  noted,  that  any  country  in  a  cer- 
tain  latitude  west,  is  wirmer  than  the  same  latitude  east, 
and  that  Notih-west  Ijindj  is  between  the  95th  and  127th 
degrees  of  west  longitude,  of  course  it  en  joys  all  the  ad- 
vantages of  a  western  afmnsp/tere,* 

It  appears  from  the  Journal  of  Lewis  and  Clark,  in 
1804,  who  wintered  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia,  in 
lal.  46,  20,  that  there  was  no  snow  during  their  stay, 
until  the  25th  of  January,  and  then  only  eight  inches 
deep,  which  soon  melted. 

The  climate  in  the  north  and  north-east  parts  of 
North  .west  Lanu  is  not  so  favorable,  here  the  snow  lays 
5  feet  deep  for  the  space  of  six  months,  and  the  winds 
that  blow  off  from  the  Frozen  ocean  are  exceedingly 
keen  and  piercing;  and  the  whole  of  the  lakes  and 
rivers  are  covered  with  a  thick  ice  for  that  length  of 
tine. 

Notwithstanding  the  severity  ^f  the  climate  in  this 
pait  of  North-west  Land,  the  natives  are  quite  healthy, 
and  live  to  a  great  age. 

*  At  far  ai  the  lat.  of  5J,  in  Ion  r.  117,  «n  the  ynv  1793,  the  trttt  were 
ill  bud.  aitd  iht>  fluwen  in  full  bioon?,  And  the  ice  wm  ([our  out  okf  tbc  tivrr 
tjeaotliof  Auril. 

E  i 


i 


m 


(  s^  ) 

Although  the  climate  of  this  part  of  the  country  is 
unfavorable,  yet  it  is  not  without  its  benefits  and  beau, 
ties.  The  atmosphere  is  truly  serene,  much  more  so 
than  that  of  New  Biitain,  in  the  same  latitude,  perhaps 
on  account  of  its  greater  distance  from  the  Atlantic. 

Here  the  moon  and  stars  appear  very  large  to  the  eye, 
and  shine  with  uncommon  splendor.  Mock  suns  and 
halos  are  often  seen  in  North  west  Land,  they  are 
tinned  with  all  the  beautiful  colors  of  the  rainbow. 

The  aurora  bo  ealia  often  appears  here  also — in  shorty 
the  grand  and  sublime  beauties  of  the  heavenly  firmament 
are  perhaps  more  conspicuous  heie  than  any  wliere 
else  in  the  world.  "  '  ,   V 

The  wind  blows  in  general  from  the  west,  during  the 
winter  months,  and  from  the  north  in  the  summer. 

It  is  but  seldom  th^it  thunder  and  lightning  appears  in 
North  west  Land,  but  when  it  docs  it  rages  with  great 
violence,  and  is  particularly  terrifying  to  the  Indians, 
who  believe  that  it  is  the  voice  of  the  Great  Spirit,  whu 
is  offended  at  something. 

Natural  Productiom.-^Thcse  are  tolerably  numerous 
in  every  part  of  Nori/i-txe  t  Lnnd,  but  are  more  abun. 
dant  in  the  south  and  soi'th-west. 

^  in  the  north,  the  ground,  as  has  been  noted,  is  quite 
stony,  of  course  the  productions  here  are  scanty, 
nevertheless  there  are  some,  particularly  small  shrubs 
of  laurel  spruce,  some  hemlock  and  tir^;  the  g.ound, 
and  what  is  remarkable,  all  the  rocks  are  thickly  covered 
over  with  a  fine  wwa,  which  is  excellent  food  for  the 
rein-deer  and  some  other  animals  ;  even  the  Indians 
themselves  are  obnged  at  times  to  cat  it,  and  find  that 


(    83    ) 


jntry  is 
id  bcaa. 
nore  so 
perhaps 

itic. 

the  eye, 
suns  and 
they  are 

-ill  short; 

rniamcnt 
y    where 

iring  the 
mmcr. 
ippears  in 

ith  jrreat 
Indians, 

)iiit,  who 

mmcrous 
nc  abuiu 

is  quite 
scanty, 
U  shrubs 
g.ound, 
covered 
for   the 
Indians 
find  that 


it  answers  the  purpose  of  supporting  life  :*  here  we  disr 
cover  the  benevolent  care  of  t^e  Creator  towards  his 
creatures. 

In  this  barren  region  there  are  a  considerable  quan. 
tity  of  wild  fruit  also,  such  as  sarvice-berries,  whortle. 
berries,  and  a  kind  of  sun-flower,  the  seeds  of  which 
are  counted  excellent  food  for  the  natives.  In  the  south 
and  south-west,  the  natural  pioductions  of  Noi^h-ivest 
Ijund  are  very  numerous  and  precious — he!  e  the  timber 
is  large  and  the  boughs  are  loaded  with  moss  or  fruit, 
such  as  hickory-nuls,  wahiuts,  beach  nuts,  haze)  nuts, 
butter-nuts,  and  the  like.  Grapes  ai  e  produced  in  this 
pai  t  of  Noi  t/i-ioed  Land  in  great  abundance,  and  are  of 
an  excellent  quahty.  All  kinds  of  small  vine  and  shrub, 
berries  are  to  be  found  in  great  plenty. 

But  the  most  and  best  of  the  natural  productions  of 
this  country  i-i  that  of  the  wild  rice,  an  account  of  which 
has  been  given  in  the  description  of  Upper  Canada. 

By  turning  to  the  article  Lukes,  it  will  be  seen  that 
thyy  are  very  numerous,  and  yet  more  than  one  half  of 
Ihem  are  covered  with  rice  ;  heie  we  see  again  the  care 
of  an  indulgcrit  providence. 

Excellent  litjiwiice  is  found  as  far  as  the  r>2d  degree 
north.  Wild  onions  are  another  natural  production  of 
this  country,  and  are  very  serviceable  to  the  natives  and 
travellers  in  it.  Gimeng  and  other  medicinal  plants  are 
plenty  here  also, 

Mr.  Mackenzie  notes,  that  there  is  not  u  finer  coun- 

*  Wlieii  tliii  mnsf  ii  boiH  in  uiiifr  U  dissolves  into  a  clammy  slutiiiotis 
«ilm»iic<^  tliat  ufturds  sufficient  uourisl^uicnt. 


i  i 


'ill! 


-  (     84    ) 

try  in  the  world  for  the  residence  of  uncivilized  man, 
than  that  which  occupies  the  space  between  Lake 
Superior  and  Red  River,  which  comes  from  Lake  Hinni, 
pic  aTid  runs  a  south  direction  towards  the  head  of  the 
Missouri,  It  abounds  in  every  thing  necessary  to  the 
wants  of  such  a  people.  Fish,  venison,  beef,  pork,  mut- 
ton, and  wild  fowl,  with  rice,  are  to  be  had  in  great 
plenty. 

Mines. — These  are  quite  numerous,  and  would  be  va- 
luable if  they  should  fall  into  the  hands  of  proper  per- 
sons. 

Copper  mines,  of  an  excellent  and  rich  quality,  are- 
found  on  the  west  and  south  borders  of  Lake  Sui)e*wr, 

On  the  channel  of  water  from  the  cascades  of  Si, 
Mary*stojjakc  Superior  on  the  north  side,  there  is  a  mine 
of  copper,  Tormeriy  worked  by  the  French  ;  it  is  hetc 
fouiKl  in  its  native  parity,  uncontaminated  by  mixture 
with  any  extraneous  t-uhstances  ;  and  on  the  south- 
west side  of  the  k^e,  at  tie  inoath  of  the  river  Tonna- 
gau,  there  is  a  large  quantity  of  virgin  copper. 

Soon  after  the  Americans  got  possession  of  that  coun- 
try, an  engineer  was  sent  there  to  make  further  d'n- 
covcrics.  Nearly  on  all  the  shores  of  Lake  Superwr 
there  is  limestone  of  an  excellent  quality. 

On  the  north  shore  of  LakeWinnipiCy  there  are  to  be 
seen  huge  rocks,  entirely  black,  as  well  as  limestone, 
laying  in  stratas,  rising  to  the  perpendicular  height  o4 
40  feet.  Large  (]dantities  of  copper  is  to  be  found  on 
the  north  side  of  the  Slave  Lake,  Some  ore  of  iron  is 
found   near  the  n;touth  of  the  river  ol  the  Bear  Lak»* 


.     (    85    ) 

which  runs  into  Mackenzie'a  River  in  latitude  60,  5t 
|north,^and  longitude  125,  west. 

Wear  the  same  place  there  are  mines  of  coal,  which 
Kvere  on  fire,  and  had  been  for  some  years  previous  to 
|1789.  There  are  great  quantities  of  coal  in  the  forks  of 

id  Deer  River,  in  latitude  51,  and  longitude  114. 

Towards  the  head  of  the  Peace  River,  in  latitude  56, 
^here  are  to  be  seen  in  the  hi ^h  banks,  stratum  oi  bitu- 

inous  substance,  resembling  coal,  some  of  which  is  ex- 
:ellent  fuel. 

On  some  mountains  near  the  above  riVer,  there  arc 
Several  chasms  in  the  earth  that  emit  heat  and  smoke, 
/hich  diffuse  a  strong  sulphureouts  stench. 

All  the  mountains  near  the  head  of  JPeace  River  arc 
j>f  solid  limestone  rock. 

Mines  of  lead  are  quite  plenty  in  different  parts  of 
Vnrth-west  Land ;  and  it  is  reported  that  there  arc  some 
[f  silver,  though  none  of  either  is  worked  at  preL^Jut, 
*laistcr  of  Paris,  and  different  colored  clays,  are  found 

many  places  in  Noj'th-west  Land  m  great  abundance. 

Minerals. — Not  many  minerals  of  any  kind   have  ai^ 
jet  been  discovered  in  North  wtdi  Land,  though  perhaj;<t 
ley  are  numerous. 

The  following  are,  I  believe,  the  principal  as  yei 
111  own  : 

On  the  river  La  l^toche,  which  is  one  of  the  rivers  of 
)mmuuication  between  LakelVinnipic  and  the  fjuke  cf 
Hills,  and  neai  a  porta^  in  that  river,  there  !v^  > 

\*  ThU  jJortafTC  is  13  miles  Iouk«  ami  is  ov«r  the  riJgc  (hat  divid*  •  tt# 
^tn  which  dJHchai-ge   UieinKlves  iiito  ilud  <jn  Iky   fruiu  Uiosi-  ilut 
iiuo  tbr  Nuvtkeru  Sta. 


i-l-S   ill 


* 


II 


■,ir 


.         ■  (86    ) 

fl%v<fTtil  tniheral  siprings,  whose  margins  arc  coveredl 
with  sulphureous  incrustations.  These  springs  are  iol 
latitude  56,  and  longitude  109  west. 

Mineral  substances  are  to  be  found  on  the  river 
the  Bear  Lake,  already  noticed,  that  runs  into  Afade»| 
zie^s  River  ;  it  is  to  be  got  from  a  kind  of  coal,  and 
dye  an  excellent  black. 

Salt  springs  are  found  in  various  parts  of  this  cov 
try,  many  •f  which  are  very  strong,  particularly  the 
on  the  noHh  side  of  the  hake  of  ike  Ililis,  near  the  moiiti 
of  the.  PtGX'd  Birer,  in  latitude  58,50,  longitude  Vl 
On  the  west  side  of  the  Peace  Rivera  near  where  it  fall 
?^to  iS!wie  River,  there  are  salt  springs  of  great  strengtli, 
iWh*wiiff  let  ge  lumps  of  Salt  are  found. 

]NfjK«r  ;.«  fork  of  the  Elk  River  tliwre  are  some 
minous  rountains,  into  which  a  pole  20  feet  long  may 
inserted  without  the  least  re.<'istance.  The  bitumen  isi 
a  fluid  state,  and  when  heated  emits  a  smell  likethat( 
sea*co;)l.  Salt  ponds  are  found  between  Lake  IVinmf 
and  Daulpkin  Rivr.  Bitumen  is  found  between  that  an 
Slave  Lake,  and  near  the  tcrks  of  Efk  River. 

Animc'M These  a' t  various  and  numerous  in  evejj 

part  of  North-west  Ijand 

In  the  north  iid  north-east,  those  of  the  fur  kind  ai) 
the  most  plenty,  as  the  clirrate  an'  nature  of  the  cou 
try  is  not  so  liavorable  here  tor  animals  tl  >t  cannot  fin 
a  house  in  the  ground.  Hcwover,  in  these  frozen i 
gions  there  arc  a  considerable  number  of  bears,  wolve 
elks»  and  paiticulaily  rein  deer,  which  appears  to 
providentially  formed  for  that  country,  as  the  hain 
their  skin   grow  quite  long  in  the  winter,   and  ha 


(    87    ) 

towards  the  roots,  pretty  much  tb    nature  of  fur.    The 
food  of  this  animal  is  no  less  remarkable,  which  is  the 
loss  already  ncAed,  and  of  which  no  other  animal  will 
?at. 

In  the  south  and  south-west  parts  of  North-west  Land, 

^nimals  of  almost  all  descriptions  are  quite  numerous  :. 

lere  the  beavers,  bears,  buffalos,  bisons,  catamounts^ ^ 

[eers  of  sev  eral  ^orts,  elks,    fishers,  foxes,  wild-goats, 

loises,*  hares,  hedge-hogs,  lynx,   musk-rats,   minks, 

lartins,  musks,  raccoons,  seals,   wood-chucks,   wea- 

>lSj  otters,  and    wolverines,  are  found  in  great  plenty, 

[nd  are  of  difierent  sorts.  Here  are  three  kinds  of  bears  : 

lebiack,  the  brown,  and  the  white. 

A  variety  of  wild  fowl  are  also  found  here  ;    such  as 

lucks,  geese,  swans,  and  white  and   grey  partridges; 

le  Utter    of  which  stay   here  all  the  season.      The 

ieese  frequent  all  these  lakes  in  the  summer,  for  the 

iavpose  of  laying  their  eggs  and  hatching  their  goslins. 

LoLkes\. — These  Are  numerous  in   North'-xest  Land, 

many  of  them  quite  large,  abounding  with  fish. 
In  the  description  of  lakes,  1  shall  begin  at  the  souths 
ist  corner,  and  proceed  towards  the  north-west  or  Par- 
ic  Ocean* 


K 


•To  some  of  my  readers  it  may  leem  strangle  to  hear  of  liortet  in  tWs 

[)try ;  of  course  it  is  proper  to  note,  that  the  horses  in  Noilh-west  Laud 

vnotori^nally  natives  ofthut  country,  but  weiv  broug:ht  tVom  the 

inisli  settlements  in  Meoiico,   aiKl  have  considerably  multiplied.     M»> 

I  arc  seen  with  the  initials  of  their  first  owners'  names, 
t  Almost  all  the  small  lakes,  which  are  tolerable  shallow,  abound  with 
which  tlie  Indians  gather  \\\  the  first  of  September.    See  an  fic«oimt 

this  rioe  in  tlie  (^cr|>tioa  of  Upper  Canada. 


m 


t    88    ) 

Red  Lake  is  the  coriier  between  the  Vniud  Slata^l 
Upper  Canada,  and  North-west  Land,  and,  as  has  aliea* 
dy  been  noted,  is  in  latitude  48,  and  longitude  95  west,! 
This  lake  is  about  60  miles  in  circuit,' 

Ijake  of  the  Woods  is  30  miles  north-east  from  Kdl 
Lake,  and  about  150  miles  in  circuit,  of  an  oval  U)m\ 
There  are  an  abundance  of  small  islands  in  this  lake. 

Part  of  this  lake  belongs  to  the  United  States.  It  dis>| 
diarges  itself  into  the  river  Winnipic, 

Lake  Winnipk,  is  one  of  the  largest  in  Norih-xstA 
Land,  being  about  450  miles  in  circuit,  and  about  16o| 
in  length  in  the  longest  place,  from  south  to  ncrth.  it  J 
the  great  reservoir  of  several  large  rivers,  and  discharges! 
itself  hy  the  river  Nelson  into  Hudson  Bay,  The  IaQil| 
around  this  lake  is  quite  good. 

Manitoba  Lake  is  south  of,  and  runa  parallel  ^ith 
south-east  of  Lake  Winnipic,  about  30  miles  from  ill 
This  lake  is  75  miles  long  from  north  to  south,  and  id 
wide.  These  lakes  are  connected  by  the  river  Daulphkl 
ti^hichruns  out  of  the  latter  into  the  former. 

Bed  Deer  Lake,  Swan  Lake,  and  Cedar  Lake,  arei 
on  the  south-west  of  Lake  Winnipic,  about  the  same  di) 
tance  from  it.  Mankoba^  Swan,  and  Cedar  Lakes,  ar 
small,  but  Red  Deer  i»  the  largesr. 

The  middle  of  LcJce  Winnipic  is  in  latitude  52, 2C|| 
and  in  longitude  98,  west.     The  middle  of  Redlkt 
Lake  is  two  degrees  west. 

The  large  river  Saskatckiwine  emf^ies  into  Lake  IVii 
nipic  on  the  north- west  side,  in  latitode  53, 15,  andiq 
following  this  river  in  a  north-west  direction    we  con 
to  a  nunjber  of  small  lakes — Sturgeon,    Phie^hlanil 


(    8»    ) 


o  north,   it  i>| 


kaver  and  GooseLakes,  are  all  small,  and  lay  within  the 
I  circuit  of  50  miles  of  each  other,  in  latitude  54,  and 
[longitude  102,  29,  west. 

Hood  Lake  is  quite  small^  and  lays  about  20  miles 
[neith'West  of  Goose  Lake, 

Setting  Lake  is  about  50  miles  long,  from  south-west 
io  north-east;  but  not  moi'e  than  3  miles  wide,  and  in 
dome  places  no  more  than  a  narrow  river.  It  lays  in 
latitude  56,  and  longitude  98,  between  the  two  head 
)ranches  of  Nelson  River* 

Split  Lake  lays  at  the  junction  of  Burnt-wood  Lake 
ind  Nelson.  It  is  about  20  miles  long,  and  6  wide ;  and 
is  famous  for  fish. 

Burnt-wood  Lake  and  Fost  Lake  are  small,  and  nearly 
|oin  each  other  ;  they  lay  in  latitude  56  and  longitude 
101,6,  west. 

in  proceedingjup  the  SaskatcMmne  river,  and  passing 
^he  great  range  of  mountains  already  noted,*  we  come 
io  several  more  small  lakes. 

Prtmros  and  Black-Bear  Lakes  are  small,  and  lay  in 
latitude  56, 50,  and  longitude  107,  west. 

Buffalo  and  Spear  Lakes  are  still  to  the  north  west, 
ind  are  close  together,  being  about  80  miles  in  circuit. 

Rein  Deer  Lake,  or  rather  a  chain  ofsm  11  lakes,  are 
situated  a  considerable  distance  to  thenorth-ea  t  ofti  osc 
last  noted.      They  are  about  70  miles  in  length ,  from 

•  Although  theie  mountains  aw  so  high,  this  and  the  riter  Nrtson  find 

heir  May  tiuough  them,  after  dashing  ovev  n  number  of  foils  and  ca«- 

lades;   but  more  ;-einartiabie  is  the  circumstance,  that  tbigr«?at  rivt^rPb* 

loinac  ihoiild  tinil  its  way  throQgh  the  Blu«  Kidge  iD  Virginia,  without  cti* 

ouiiterinK  any  fallit  ** 


ft.nf. 


M: 


y  i  \ 


'^l,^ 


i<..U 


(    9«    ) 

north  to  south*  and  not  more  than  4  broad  at  any  plact 
These  lakes  extend  from  56,  40,  to  58,  40,  north,  anj| 
are  in  longitude  103,  west. 

late  a  la  Croase  Lake  is  situated  in  55,  and  25  minutdj 
north,  and  107,  48,  west,  it  is  about  20  miles  long  an^l 
14  wide,  with  some  extensive  ba^s,  and  discharges  bTl 
the  Beaver  River,  The  situation  of  this  lake,  tbj 
abundance  of  fine  fish  to  be  tound  in  its  waters, 
richness  of  the  surrounding  banks  and  forests,  all  kindfl 
of  animals,  and  the  numerojs  flocks  of  wild  fowl  that) 
visit  it  in  the  spring  and  fail,  make  it,  says  Mackenzii 
a  most  desirable  spot  for  the  residence  of  Indians. 

In  progressing  a  north-west  course,  over  the  great  dil 
viding  mountain,  we  pass  a  number  of  small  lakes  unnoj 
ticed. 

Lake  qfike  Hills  is  about  75  miles  long,  from  north 
east  to  south-west,  but  not  more  than  20  wide,  if  wel 
measure  up  the  Stonif  River,  which  comes  in  near  thJ 
north  end,  from  the  east,  as  the  river  is  neatly  as  widd 
as  the  lake  for  60  miles.  This  lake  is  situated  in  Uti 
tude  58,  38  degrees  north,  and  longitude  110,  26. 
receives  into  its  bosom  the  Stony^  Elk  and  Peace  Rivers} 
and  discharges  itself  through  the  Slave  River  intothJ 
^  lave  Lake,  a  distance  of  196  miles. 

Shve  Lake*  is  about  720  miles  in  circuit,  including 
the  winding  of  its  course.  It  is  u  little  in  the  form  of  an 
open  fan. 

1  he  middle  of  this  lake  is  situated  in  latitude  61, 30,1 
north.     It  is  tolerable  full  of  small  islands,  and  in  somq 


•  The  ice  is  hardly  cvtr  oirt  of  this  lal*. 


s>^*t** 


(    91    ) 


in 


I  places  it  has  70  fathom  of  M^ater,  or  420  feet*  It  re- 
ceives several  considerable  rivers,  which  will  be  noted ; 
«id  discharges  itself  through  Mackenzie's  Iliver  mto  the 
^fir^kSea.  In  following  Mackenzie's  River  a  north- 
iwest  couise,  with  some  vaiiation,  we  pass  a  num^jer  of 
small  lakes,  in  connection  with  it.  On  the  right  hand, 
to  the  north  of  this  liver.  there  is  an  extensive  chain  of 
small  lakes,  running  parallel  with  the  river,  among 
which  is  Martin  Lake,  so  called  on  account  of  those 
animals  being  numerous  on  its  banks.  Also  the  Great 
\fiear  LakCj  about  60  miles  in  circuit,  in  latitude  68,  and 
JoHgitude  120,  west.  It  discharges  its  water  into  Alac- 
\kmzie*i(  River, 

In  taking  a  view  of  the  lakes  towards  the  north  east 
ipait  oi  North-west  Land,  joining  Nexo-Btiain,  we  find 
■that  they  are  very  numerous,  though  not  large ;  and 
shall  note  the  following  :  From  the  north-east  part  of 
\Slave  Lake,  nealy  a  due  north  course,  on  the  line  of 
the  longitude  of  110,  west,  there  are  a  number  of  little 
hakes  :  first,  Anawd,  then  Mot/iye,  Chusadawd,  T/ieye- 
hoife-kyed,  Poin*,  Tkye-kye-lyned,  and  Theyp-ckeek  Lakeg, 
[Several  of  the  former  communicate  with  Slave  Lake, 
land  are  within  the  65th  degree  of  north  latitude, 

Cogead  Lake  is  still  to  the  north,  and  is  60  miles  long 
nd  10  broad.     It  discharges  into  the  Frozen  tSea,  ac- 
|cording  to  i  ndian  report. 

Buffalo  Lake,  is  about  50  miles  in  circuit,  near  the 
lead  of  Copper-mine  River,  due  east  from  Slave  Lake  to- 
[wards  Hudson  Bay — there  are  an  abundance,    more 
■lakes,  which  however,  are  generally  small. 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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PhotDgrafiiic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


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39  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 
WIUTM.N.Y.  MSM 

(7U)  173-4503 


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't 


(    9«    ) 

NtrlhMdi  Seroliyan,JMethani  Ahgnuae,  Tttmgf  Dp^ 
imrU,  Napaskish,  fath  Kyed  and  Bonker*s  LaketVLVt  ko> 
lerably  elose  together,  bebg  between  the  60th  and  65th 
degrees  of  north  lat.  and  about  100  long.  west. 

'  '  The  most  of  these  lakes  communicate  with  eadi  other 
^iid  discharge  either  into  Hudson  Bay  or  tht  JNwik 

Sea,  * 

"^  Some  hundred  mdre  lakes  are  to  be  found  in  N&^ 
wed  Land;*  but  those  which  I  have  noted  are  tbeprifr 
xipaWall  of  #hich  aboimd  with  fish  ;  and  alio  with 
^wls,  a  greater  part  of  the  season.  ^  ^ 

Miveri^North-wesl  Land  abounds  in  rivers,  man^ 
6f  which  are  large  and  extensive,  and  in  de^crib* 
ilig  them  we  ihall  begiti  at  the  south-east  paH;        ^  tv 

'  Red4ake  jiit^rr  rites  from  Red  XioAre  already  noted, 
iHthindO  miles  of  the  head  waters  of  the  Miamaippi  and 
fhuii  other  sources ;  and  after  the  various  branches  eoa. 
dec^,  it  pursues  a  course  south-west  about  120  miles,  and 
falb  Into  the  Reed  i{i»fr,inlat.  47 ,  12,and  long  97,  wesH 
This  river  is  not  brge  but  pur«  and  clear  9$  cryetaV 
Jltvhlg  nofall  in  it  to  the  head. 
"^*1Ud  Ritfer,  Vature  River,  Rice,  Siraw,  SoiHtSn  and 
Iroold  Rmers,  all  rise  in  the  north  part  of  Lommna^ 
South  df  the  heikl  of  the  Miimaipfit  and  join  together 
before  they  come  to  the  mouth  of  Red4akeRwer  before 
AdtedF^  Thibt  with  the  Pembina  and  some  other  small 
iVAA  wtlSch  fcome  from  the  west,  form  the  Reed  River, 

^  At  thstarisr  dps  Elk  River,  in  lat.  19,  aM  lonf .  119.  theiv  it  a  Ma 
4B^nllMloag»  aalM  CheLeMer  Slave  Lake  ;  m  alio  aevenl  mow  ami 
enetfinthcrto  the  iktM  and  «Qtk,  vis.  ladrfu,  Buflilo  ud  XaluoBM 
Lakat. 


(  w  > 


which  riMif  a  north  direction,  and  after  receiving  a  ¥!9UL 
ber  of  tributary  streams,  in  a  course  of  320  miles,  county 
ingfrem  its  head  waters,  plunges  into  the  south  f  nd  of 
lake  Wirmific.  \p 

Red  River  [not  the  one  just  noted}  rises  west  fi^pm 
LakeWitmipict  about  i60  miles,  pursues  a  south  «aslr 
course,  and  after  collecting  a  number  of  small  streanis 
in  its  way,  falls  into  Reed  River;^0  miles  above  the  mouth, 
it  is  without  any  falls.  This  is  called  Stone^indian 
^ver  for  some  distance  from  its  discharge  * 

^Ison  Rktr  is  the  discharge  of  Lake  If  tmiipic,  from 
the  porth»east  corner ;  it  runs  a  north-eafit  course  for 
130  miles,  to  SpHt  Lake,  where  it  meets  Buminoood 
Ewer,  from  the  west ;  ittl^en  pursues  nearly  an  ekst  di- 
rection for  140  miles,  and  falls  into  Hudtton  Jkty^  afc 
York  Fort,  in  latitude  57,  10,  and  longitude  93,  west. 

This  river  is  270  miles  long,  and  quite  large,  jsfibrdk 
ing  water  enough  to'eatry  vessels  of  considerable  buiw 
then  ;  but  it  is  much  interrupted  by  rapids,  cascades^ 
and  falls ;  ye^  large  canoes  pass  the  whole  leng^.         r 

Burnt-wood  River  takes  its  rise  out  of  a  small  lake  of 
the  same  name ;  and  after  running  a  noKh-east  coUrWi 
among  the  hills  and  mountains,  for  160  miles  (counting 
its  meanderings,)  mingles  with  Nehai^  River  >  at  Split 
Lake* 

Sioan  Riverf  rises  north  of  Red  Riter  already  notedi 
and  runs  south-east  lor  70  miles,  when  it  suddenly  ii||r|is 


1 


*Tlke  SQuniry  to  the  iduA  of  this  rivw,  UMMiftheNkioarfi^tst- 
HiiM  t  eominiMU  plain :  tlie  tend  u  mnA  and  atef/estnad  vlik  Aaat 
PMb  nd  Sboundt  witk  aniflisls.  ^Agr--t?»p- 

t  Soroetiniet  called  OaHlpliin  Kiv«r* 


i 


I 


(       ^*       ) 

t6  the  north-east,  and  alter  a  course  of  50  miles  falls  ii. 
to  ^wan  Lake,  which  cominunieates  with  Red-deer  Lake 
on  the  north.  This  is  but  a  small  river,  but.  its  wnKen 
arc  pure  and  abound  with  fish. 

j^how,  ov  Bad  Hiver,  rises  out  of  the  great  stony 
mountain  already  noted  ;  its  most  western  branch  is  io 
long.  115  degrees,  and  lat.  51,  and  ai^tera  course  north- 
ward for 90  miles,  joins  Redder  River,  coming  from  the 
north^^vest  out  of  Buffalo  Lake,  in  lat.  51,  and  long. 
113,  20,  and  after  a  course  of  500  miles  an  east  and 
north-east  direction,  collecting  a  number  of  small  streams 
in  its  way,  joins  the  Saskatchiwine,  and  with  it  falls  into 
fine-island  Lake. 

Saskatcfmoine  River  rises  towards  the  west  end  of 
that  great  range  of  mountains,  which  divides  the  waters 
oi  the  North  Sea  s^nd  Hudson  Bay,  in  long.  115,  and  lat. 
53, 40,  and  pursues  a  meandering  course  south-east,  re< 
ceiving  a  number  of  tributary  streams  for  a  distance  of 
21^0  miles,  when  it  turns  nearly  north-east,  and  has  a 
course  of  260  miles  more  to  Pine-island  Lake  before 
^otevi  ;  from  hence  it  continues  iKa  course  a  south«east 
direction  to  Lake  JVinnipic,  a  distance  of  140  miles 
more.*  One  of  the  discharges  of  Lake  Wmnipic  is 
the  Severn  River,  which  falls  into  Hudson  Bay  in  lat. 
56,  |2  nortb,  38  west  long,  and  may  be  considered  aia 
continuation  of  the  ScukaUMivine,  which  passes  oyer 
30  degrees  of  long,  between  50  and  55  degrees    of 

^  From  Ci<dir  U!kt  a  little  abore  Winnipie,  thii  river  it  naTigable  fti 
etnoet  to  its  head,  wfthovt  falli,  aay  too  milet.  The  ooontry  tbrougk 
ivfaidi  it  nuiili  wpffcieine*  at  T«ry  good  land,  abounding  InaDinalii 


(    95    ) 


rforthf  latitude ;  but  as  it  runs  crooked  it  may  becalculat- 
fed  at  33,  and  as'a  decree  of  long,  in  06  north,  is  v»(<  ge- 
ographical miles,  ot  course  the  length  of  the  river, 
without  including  its  meanderin^s,  which  are  great,  is 
980  geographical,  or  1250  English  miles,  in  additioti  to 
which  we  ought  to  count  tor  its  great  bending  at  leaSt 
300,  which  would  make  its  whole  length  1550  miles 
from  Hudion  Bay.  This  is  one  of  the  longest  and  larg- 
est in  North.west  Land ,  and  is  famous  tor  the  excellen- 
cy and  plentitude  of  its  fish,  some  of  which  come  from 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  penetrate  to  its  head,  a  distance 
of  3240  miles.  A  number  ot  rapids  and  cascades  ar6 
found  in  the  Saskaic/uwine. 

Churc/i^hiil River,  is  the  next  in  rotation,  and  rises  on 
the  north  side  of  the  great  range  of  mountains  alrea- 
dy  noted,  and  pursuing  a  north-west  course  through  a 
number  of  small  lakes,  finds  its  way  through  a  ^reat 
mountain,  an  1  takes  the  name  of  Eik  Kiver,  and  i!nall3r 
ialls  into  the  Lake  of  the  Hills,  The  length  ofthis  rivel} 
is  perhaps  450  miles  ;  it  is  tolerable  large,  though  intei^* 
rupted,  with  many  rapids,  cascades  and  high  falls.  '  4^ 

Beaver  Kiver  has  its  source  from  Beaver  and  Mob^ " 
Lakea,  oYi  the  west  side  of  the  river  just  named,  about 
100  miles,  in  latitude  54 ;  and  after  running  a  south'- 
east,  and  then  a  north  course,  for  perhaps  150  miles/ 
it  tails  into  Goose  Lake,  already  noted. 

Jilk  River  rises  out  of  the  Lesser  Slave  Lake,  in'TatV 
tude  5B,  and  longitude  1 16,  west,  and  after  running  al- 
most in  every  diiectton,  and  receiving  a  num))er  oi  coi^ 
siderable  tributary  streams,,  ialU  into  Ckm^o/tMU  Miver^ 

F  2 


? 


(  ^  ) 

tdierc  it  has  ihe  nam^  oSElk  Ritfer  iilso, .  Itf  nuxith  is  in 

kititude  56, 40^  and  longitade  112,  west 

Unfigah  or  Peace  River,  rises  among  tlie  mountains 

.    already  noted,   which  divide  the  waters  of  the  two 

oceimS'      It  runs  in  every  direction,  but  generally  a 

north-east  course.    After  receiving  a  great  number  of 

'V.  'ttreams,  it  disembog^ies  itself  into  the  Jjoke  tfthe  Hilli, 

^    To  include  the  windings  of  this  river,  it  isabont  1220 

'  miles  long.    It  is  quite  large,  and  abounds  with  6sh ; 

■'  it  is  much  interrupted  with  rapids  and  cascades,  and 

some  high  falls ;   and  comes  within  a  small  distance  of 

tkt  Cobim^a  Bwer.* 

Stony  RiiJer  empties  into  the  Lake  cf  the  Jfilb,  from 
"    the  east.    It  is  short  but  very  wide* 

Slave  Rimer  is  the  communication  between  the  Lake 
of  the  HUli  and  SiaM  Lake,  To  the  right,  or  north  of 
this  rivfr,  there  are  a  number  of  small  rivers,  whick 
snlnr  in  every  direction  :  some  falling  into  the  Frozen 
Mfm^-  while  others  discharge  themselves  into  Hudson 
Bay.  - 

i;     Chwey,  Bttgah,  and  a  number  of  other  small  rivers, 
Ml  into  Shve  Lake,  fromaU  directions. 

The  Slaift  Lake  discharges  itself  by  Maehenzie*s 
Bhfer,  wich  is  quite  large,  and  fitlls  into  the  Nortk  Sea 
in  latitude  70,  north,  and  longitude  135,  west.  This 
river  in  its  course,  which  is  north-west,  and  is  at  least 

*  Tbs  publie  Me  ii|iioueMion  of  ample  jiONrmation  celaUve  to  this 
ftjwr,  in  a  valuable  woric  publiibed  in  PbiUuielpliia,  viz^Lewis  snd 
Clirke'i  etpedition  thraui^  the  interior  paru  of  North  America  to  the 
Fadfle  Oeean,  AtiSbg  tlie  yt$/n  180«-5— e ;  I  theseibre  ahsU  onit  m- 
ing  nudi  shout  it. 


<  «^  ) 


113  miles  in  length,  receives  a  irast  number  of  tri- 
butary streams,  too  tedious  to  mention.  It  is  much 
broken  ivith  cascadesjtnd  falls. 

C0|9per-mtfle  Siver  has  its  solirce  some  hundred  itule» 
north  of  Slave  Lake,  and  falls  into  the  Frozen  Sea  in 
latitude  69,  and  longitude  112,  ivest, 

Harbon, — If  we  count  the  harbors  of  the  lakes  ah^ 
mouths  of  the  rivers,  as  well  as  the  numerous  hvyriind 
inlets  on  the  shore  of  the  Paci/fc  (%:^a»,  the  number  in 
North-west  Land  will  be  quite  large.  1  know  not  that  it 
is  necessary  to  describe  the  harbors  in  the  interior  of 
this  country,  as  there  are  no  safl-vessels  on  any  of  the 
lakes. 

In  tracing  the  shore  of  the  iPacific,   in  a  norCk 

direction,  from  the  degree  of  48,  north  latitude,  whick 

is  the  place  Where  the  south,  or  dividing  line  between 

the  British  and  American  possessions,  we  discover  th6 

following  harbors:  ^  «.  i#i:' 

Nocftka'vi  situated  in  longitude  127,andlinls«tiide 
49,  north. 

Port  Brookt  h  ohe  degree^  or  69  geographical  miles 
farther. 
Sr.ott*s  Bay  is  one  degree  still  farther. 
Qfteen  Chariotte^s  jSomim^  is  situated  a  liUlembrendrth, 

and  has  some  6ne  harbors. 

'    JDixinU  EfOi^nce  is  in  latitude  54,  and  longitude  132 

degrees  west  It  aflords  several  harbors,  particularljr  01> 

servatory  Inlet,  which  is  the  mouth  of  a  large  river 

coming  from  the  north. 
Lynn  Canal  extends  out  of  the  Pacific  in  latitude  56 » 

and  longitude  134,  west,  in  a  north  direction,  for  15^ 

F3 


i 


It 


(    9»   ) 

miles ;  having  a  long  island  in  the  middf^.  This  canal 
affords  several  good  harbors,  among  which  are  Port 
Houghton,  Holkham,  and  StiettsAam, 

Norfolk  /SotfW  is  still  to  the  north,  and  affords  tolera;* 
ble  harbors. 

P^Oi>0tkes  Harbbr  is  situatedin  north  latitude  57,  ^^^^ 
r0^l!^i^^^  i36,  west. 
'^^fmi%f}und  is  still  to  the  north,  and  communicates 
vidthljynn  Canal. 

Port  Francois  lays  still  to  the  north,'  and  is  a  good 
harbor. 

Admiraity  Bay  is  situated  in  latitude  59,  45,  and  lon- 
gitude 140.  At  the  end  of  this  bay  Port  Mulgrave  is 
situated.  This  is  the  last  good  harbor  to  the  north, 
and  is  near  the  corner  tine  between  the  Americans  and 
Russians,  who  have  some  settlements  and  factories  on 
thii)  cottst ;  they  trade  with  the  Indians.  There  are  a 
iiumbier  of  other  harbors  on  this  coast  which  I  have  not 

^ii*.^AU  the  rivers  aiiU  fakes  iit  NorihAuest  Land, 
which  are  numerous,  are  well  stored  with  fish,  many 
^  which  are  of  ^n  excellent  quality.  In  those  riveris 
which  run  into  Hudson  Bay  there  are  herring,  mackarel, 
and  sturgeon  in  abundance^  with  some  salmon,  besides 
bass,  white  fish,  and  a  number  of  other  sorts  too  tedious 
to  note.  On  the  west  side  of  the  great  mountains,  in 
addition  t^  the  above  named,  there  are  an  abundance  of 
tine' salikioil  which  come  up  the  Great  Columbia  and 
other  rivets  out  of  the  Pacific. 

Between  Lake.  Winnipic  and  the  Lake  of  the.  Hills,  not 
far  from  the  mouth  of  the  SaskatcMwine  there  is  an  ex- 
«cUent  sturgeon-fishery.     '  ' 


\  •» 


(  #  ) 

^eaU  and  ip^mies  are  foand  near  the  shore  of  the  ms^ 
ters  of  the  Frozen  sea  and  Pacific  ocean,  as  also  sea* 
horses.  Oil  the  north  part  of  the  Pacific  shore,  near 
Bhering's  straU,  there  are  whak'imled  Manati.  This  ani- 
mal  in  nature  so  nearly  approaches  the  cefacf oc^fibe, 
that  it  is  merely  in  conformity  to  system^  -^^l^^^ 
that  it  is  classed  among  those  of  qoadropeds, 
are  called  its  ieet  are  little  more  than  pectqraf^^i 
they  only  serve  for  swimming,  they  are  never  used  in 
ivilking  or  landing,  for  the  animal  never  goes  ashore^ 
nor  even  attempts  to  climb  the  rocks  like  the  sea-horse 
and  seals ;  it  bdngs  forth  in  the  water,  and  like  that  ani. 
mal,  suckles  its  young  ones  in  that  element* 

The  whale-tailed  Manati  has  no  voice.  In  calm  weather 
they  swim  in  great  droves  near  the  mouths  of  rivers, 
and  someiimei  come  so  near  land  that  a  persoii^^m^  ,« 
strbke  them  with  his  hand.    They  live  in  ftu^ilies,  CQ^ 
sisting  of  a  male,  a  female,  a  half  grown  young  one,  an^- . 
a  little  one.     If  the  female  is  attacked  the  male  will  dcu 
fend  her  to  the  utmost,  and  if  she  is  killed^  will  follow .  .^ 
her  corpse  to  the  very  shore  and  swim  for  days  nea^  thf  '[^. 
place  it  has  been  landed  at     They  go  with  young  f  ^ 
year,  and  generally  bring  two  young  one^  at  a  ta^;v  ^ 
which  they  suckle  by  two  teats  placed  on  the  b^eps^.^^l^  ^.  i 

They  are  taken  by  harpoons  fastened  to  a  strong  cord'^ 
tnd  after  they  are  struck  it  requires  thirty  men  to  draw 
them  to  shore.  Sometimes  when  they  are  trai^sfixe^  ^. 
they  will  lay  bold  of  the  rocks  with  .their  paws,  and 
stick  so  fast  as  to  leave  the  skin  behind  before  they  can 
be  forced  ofE  When  a  d^bnativi  struck  its  companions 
swim  to  its  assistance;  some  will  attempt  to  overtiyrn 


I 


(     100    ) 

the  Koat^'li^  pelting  tinder  it ;  and  oth^^  will  sttike  at 
tt(e  harpboH,  with  a  view  of  getting  it  out,  and  which 
the^y  ot'ten  finicceed  in. 

<  ^^hejr  are  30  feet  long,  and  accounts  say,  that  they 
oft|n||feigh  7000  pounds.  Their  lips  are  thick,  and 
^j^^lpm^ilii  is  without;  teeth,  yet  they  have  a  white  bone 
di^^sitle;  This  animal  is  called  by  the  Russians, 
MmUctia  k6towa\  or  seau;ow.  ^ 

'  Saliifofi  come  out  of  the  Pacific,  and  run  up  the  Cd^ 
lumbi^'ahd  all  the  rivers  that  £aill  into  it,  in  great  abund« 

>^'i»dSa»5.-^These  are  quite  numerous  in  North.west 
tiind,  and  are  divided' into  a  great  number  of  tribes, 
Which 'are  seattered  over  an  extensive  country.  AH  <^ 
thdse  tribes  niay  be  classed  into  seven  distinct  nations : 
Viz^  MniitenauiBiiMlgon^uiniCkepewyant  C/tm,  Esfdmeaujcn 
TfUgailer  and  Jtnah*  ^I,  will  now  give  some  account  of 
ealch  of  these  nations. 

^'Thie  Xmife^jo&x  Indians  are  spread  over  a  vast  extent 
^f'^couiitVy^  the  bouiidaries  of  which  may  be  design 
iiaM  by  th6  foliowing  line :  It  begins  at  the  straits  of 
MetUilty  on  the  shore  of  the  Atlantic,  in  lat.  52  north, 
^ext^ds  up  thegulph  and  river  St.  Lawrence  to  I 
if  then  up  iht  OUaxvoA  River  to  Ms  source,  from 

^nceto'  Lake  ifinmpic,  from  hence  to  the  Lake  -of  tk 
i7l!/!Z»Vfrom  here  the  line  runs  an  east  course  to  ffuch(f^\ 
Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Nebon  Hivelr, 

AU  the  traet  within  this  line  (except  some  near  Hud. 
son  straits  which  belong  to  the  Esquiinaux)  is  exclU 
klv^y  the  country  of  the  Knistenaux  Indians; 
^    iThey  art  of.  a  moderate  stalofe  and  of  great  activity' 


■x 


(101    ) 

Theit'  eyes  and  hair  are  black,  and  their  countenances 
open  and  agreeable*  It  is  an  object  of  their  vanity  to 
give  every  possible  decoration  to  their  persons.  A  ma- 
terial article  in  their  toUettea  is  vermilion,  which  they 
contrast  with  their  native  blue,  white,  and  brovVtt  earthi 
to  which  charcoal  is  frequently  added. 

Their  dress  is  both  simple  and  commodioutf.  It  con* 
sists  of  tight  leggins,  reaching  near  the  hip ;  a  close 
vest  or  shirt,  reaching  half  ways  down  the  thighs ;  and  a 
cap  for  the  head,  composed  of  fur:  a  kin^  of  vobe  is 
sometimes  thrown  over  the  whole.  All  these  gar. 
ments  are  sometimes  fancifully  punted,  as  they  are 
generally  all  of  skin  and  worked  over  with  porcupine 
quiUs,  and  also  fringed  with  tassels  of  different  colors. 
Their  head-dress  is  composed  of  the  feathers  of  difiRBr« 
ent  birds,  some  of  which  are  of  a  beatiful  color.  Tb^ 
feeth,  horns,  and  claws  of  different  animals  are  the  occi^ 
clonal  ornaments  of  the  head  and  neck.  '- 

Although  the  women  are  not  altogether  inattentive 
to  the  decoration  of  their  own  persons,  yet  they  take 
more  pride  in  attending  to  the  appearance  of  the  men. 
The  female  ^ress  is  formed  of  the  same  materials  •■ 
that  of  the  other  sex,  but  of  a  different  make  and  9|na!o 
ment.  Their  leggin$  are  tied  beneath  their  kiMi^^pIl^ 
coat  tails  down  to  the  middle  of  the  leg ;  as  it  isv^^ei||^ 
ii  tied  round  the  waist  with  a  belt  decorated  with  tasse^K 
md  fastened  behind.  ' 

Of  all  the  native  Indians  of  North  America  the  Xm*: 
Unaux  women  are  the  most  comely. 

These  people  are  subject  to  but  few  disorders.    The 
laA  venerea  is  a  compU^Qt  among  them^  but  it  is  cttred 


(  l^  ) 


m 


I  ; 


by  simplei,  |he  virtues  of  which  they^itppear  to  be  well 
acquainted  with. 

They  are  naturally  miM  and  affable^  as  well  as  just  in 
their  dealings,  not,  only  among  themselves  but  with 
strangers ;  they  are  generous  and  hospitable  in  the  ex. 
treme.  The  parent  assumes  no  authority  over  their 
children^  though  they  are  very  attentive  to  insttuct  them 
in  every  thing  that  may  be  for  their  beiiefit  in  future. 
They  say  when  their  children  grOw  up  they  will  do  right 
of  their  own  accord,  it  does  not  appear  that  chastity  is 
considered  by  them  a6  a  virtue ;  or  that  fidelity  is  believed 
to  be  essential  to  the  happines«  of  a  wedded  life. 
^They  have  a  large  kind  of  dogs,  which  they  use  to  draw 
tiieir  sleds  on  the  ice  in  the  winter.  When  they  bury  their  I 
dead>  they  dress  them  in  their  best  clothes ;  sometimes 
the  >romen  destroy  themselves  on  account  of  the  death 
of  tlieir  husbands.  On  the  tomb- of  the  departed  per* 
son  is  painted  or  carved  some  symbols  of  his  tribe* 
Wiien  their  king  or  a  chief  wishes  to  make  a  feast,  he 
sends  pieces  of  quills  to  those  whom  he  wishes  to  come. 

They  are  very  superstitious,  and  believe  the  light  va« 
per  which  is  seen  to  hover  over  moist  places,  is  the  spirTt 
of|iome4epArted  person.  j 

''^.^l^-^i^/cks,* — These  are  a  numerous  people  whocoii' 
i|^|§r  the  country  between  the  parallels  of  lat.  60  and  ^5 
i^(h,  and  long.  100  to  i  10  west,  as  their  lands  or  hoiliei 
They  speak  a  copious  language,  which  is  difficult  to  h^ 
ajttaiixed, 

*  It  is  lOppoied  these  Indians  «rigimi1Iy  earn*  ffom  Siberia  on  th«  eiit 
oeast  of  Asia,  as  the  strait  of  Bhering,  that  divides  America  from  Asiii,ii 
not  more  than  89  QuMi  wMe,  and  two  MaiMbare  in  it. 


(  im  ) 


The  Chepewyfins  $ufe  SQbier,  timero^^,  .ai^d  y^^rant. 
Their  wives  and  daughters  are  often  sold*  3oth  bexes 
have  blue  or  black  barh  or  fropi  o^e  to  four  straight 
I  lines  on  their  <;heeks  or  foreheads,  to  diatinj^uish  th* 
tribe  to  which  they  belong.  These  marks  are  eitl^er  t<xr 
ifioed  or  made  by  drawing  a  thread  dipped  in  the  prop  A 
color  beneath  the  skin. 

They  dress  entirely  in  fur,  with  the  fur  next  to  thevi^ 
skiu;  and  in  this  they  will  often  lay  all  night  on  the  ice* 
in  the  middle  pf  a  lake,  and  repose  in  comfort,  though 
they  sometimes  fipd  a  diiBculty  in  getting  from  under 
the  drifted  snow ;  and  if  they  should  be  hungry  in  tht 
morning,  they  will  cut  a  hole  through  the  ioe  and  take 
out  a  fish,  which  they  will  eat  raw.  When  on  a  journey 
the  women  carry  their  infants  on  their  back,  next  to  the 
skin,  in  which  situation  they  are  very  comfortable. 

Mr.  Mackenzie  says  He  does  not  hesitate  to  represent' 
them  altogether  as  the  most  peaceable  tribe  pf  Indiai^ 
known  in  ]^orth  America.  They  have  no  regular  gov- 
ernment ;  every  man  is  lord  in  his  own  family. 

The  inn^  part  of  the  frame  of  their  snow  shoes  is 
straight,  the  outer  one  is  curved,  and  is  pointed  at  both 
ends,  with  that  in  front  turned  up  j  they  ai  e  laced  acrosir 
like  a  coarse  riddle,  with  thongs  of  green  sk%.  Th» 
Indians  generally  kindle  fire  by  striking  to^Kher  api^(be 
of  yellow  or  whit/e  pyrites  with  a  flint  over  a  piece^ 
touchwood.  They  are  universally  provided  with  a  small 
bag  containing  these  materials. 

The  Chepetffyans  are  not  so  much  addicted  tpthe  loi^ 
and  use  of  spirituous  liquors^  a«  ^the  most  of  the  other 
tribes  of  Indians,  . 


(     104     ) 


ii» 


w 


Algonqunu  ^ncipally  inhabited  that  part  of  North, 
west  Land  which  ky»  betweeen  Lakes  Superior  and 
Winnipic  ;  but  ;«r«  divided  into  a  great  number  of  I 
tribes  c^led  by  different  names,  and  ate  scattered  over 
all  thf  British  possessions  in  ?3orth  America;  they  are 
similar  in  their  persons  and  manners  to  those  already 
described. 

The  Chins  are  but  a  small  nation  and  live  on  the  head 
watersot*  the  river  Columbia. 

The  Eskimeaux  Indians  are  a  i;!7merous  nation;  but 
principally  leside  to  the  east  of  this  country  in  New ' 
Britain ;  yet  there  are  some  who  reside  notth.ea&t  of  the 
Slave  Lake  towards  the  no.  ch-west  pari  of  Hudson  Bay. 
,  The  JSagaOers  and  AtnahsvtXii  but  small  nations,  living 
on  the  shores  of  the  I^cific ocean,  and  towaidi»  the  head 
of  the  Peace  river  already  noted.  Among  all  these  nations 
there  are  a  great  number  ot  tribes,  who  as  well  as  the 
difterent  nations,distinguish  themselves  by  certain  hieroi 
glyphical  figures,  generally  taken  from  some  living  ani* 
lual.     Some  tribes  have  painted   on  their  pipes  and 
on  some  of  their  garments,  iigu  es  of  snakes  ;  these  are 
called  Snake  Indians — others  have  representations  of  I 
beavers,  eagles  and  the  like.    Some  carve  the  figu  es 
of  their  War  v<  capons,  and  those  of  their  ancestors  on 
their  pipeb,  stone  pots,  and  the  like.*      Among  the  nu* 
verous  tribes  are  those  of  the  Hate  Indtam,  near  the 
mouth  of  Mackenzie's  River,  who  cover  themselves 

*  Thii  praetioe  of  the  Indiam,  it  limilar  to  that  of  the  nobility  of  Efr 
gland,  who  find  out  tiieorigin  of  tlwir  booorable  ihmiUei  by  tboii  bi«» 
glyphi«al  notices. 


(    105    ) 

with  the  skin  of  Ibat  animal;  as  afoo  further  to  the  soSth, 
the  JS  athan »  MLvrdain,  Inland,  Streng-hnw,  and  Beaver 
tribes,  who  all  reside  north  of  Slave  Lake. 

Bock-mountaifit  Red-Ji-mfe,  Dog^r'tb,  Frog-s/dn,  Blaeh- 

\foot,  and  Fail  Indium,  reside  in  the  south  west  part  of 

Noith-westLaftd,  towards  the  Saskatchiwine  river  ;  all  < 

lot'  whom  live  entirely  from  the  bounty  of  thewood(» 

and  waters,  both  of  which  afford  plenty  of  meat,  rice, 

and  a  variety  of  wholesome  berries^  calculated  to  supply 

I  the  demands  of  nature. 

The  most  of  the  Indians  bury  their  dead  with  great 
I  ceremony,  and  deposit  the  property  of  the  deceased  in 
I  or  near  the  grave.  ^ 

Villages. — There  are  a  number  of  these  in  the  interior 
I  of  this  country  ;  but  they  all  belong  to  the  Indians,  and 
I  may  be  expected  to  be  but  small.  r 

Neat  the  bank  of  Mackenzie's  River,  north  of  Slave 
iLake,  there  is  a  village  of  about  30  hut»  belonging  to  the 
[Slave  and  Dog- rib  tribes.      ^  .  v 

Another  village  of  the  natives  is  situated  near  the 
Imouth  of  the  same  river,  where  the  owners  have  Curo- 
Ipean  articles,  which  no  (*oubt  they  get  from  traders  on^ 
Ithe  Pacific  shore. 

In  latitude  o9,  north, and  longitude  130,near  the  Fro*«^ 
pen  sea,  there  is  a  large  village  belonging  to  a  tribe  of 
the  Eskimeaux  nation.  •  .  -    -  .    '  'm 

In  latitude  52, 25,  and  longitude  120,  near  the  Pacific, 
there  is  a  large  village  belonging  to  the  Chin  nation, 
lealled  Salmon  ^  iltuge-^here  the   houses  are  large  and^ 
lilt  in  order,  and  there  is  a  place  in  it  dedicated  to  the  ' 
ronhip  of  the  Groat  Being.    This  building  is  50  by  49 


<  ^^  } 


'il 


l(H« 


ImS 


|fet»  101^  99  tlid  fidf^  IMid  rpqC  Jive  painttd  several  hierft 
glyphic9y  and  figures  of  aaiipals  and  person^^  with  con>  | 
siderable  corrcM:^ess.    This  village  conltains  about  306 
inhjiLbittknts. 

FjiSTui^  Vi^figfi  if  situated  some  distance  to  the  ndith  I 
^  the  Ht^ei' and  contains  about  50  houses;  the  w(^ 
own  in  it  ci|t  thc^r  h^ir  short.  They  burn  their  dead^ 
^nd  leave  the  ashes  on  the  spot.  Many  more  vii 
lages  are  found  in  different  parts  of  North  west  Land^ 
but  all  of  them  are  small* 

For^ficcUiims, — These  art  in  the  possession  of  the 
Worth- w^t  and   Hudson   Bay  Companies,    both   <)(| 
which  were  formea  for  the  express  purpose  of  tradiii| 
vith  the  Indians  for  skins  and  fur. 

The  Hudson  Bay  Company  received  their  charter  I 
from  the  crown  of  England,  iii'  167  0*     The  North>wcat 
Company  was  partially  fiMrmed  by  some  merchants  in 
Montreal,  in  178;^— 4 ;  and  after  some  oppositioi^from 
each  other,  all  parties  joined  as  one  in  17S7.     In  1789:  | 
U^y  divided  again. 

The  principal  trading  postn  or  forts,  in  North* west 
Xrfuid,  wt  the  following  : 
.^  M*DtnaU*i  Fori  stands  in  latitude  50,  and  bngituiU 
100,  on  the  Red  River  already  noted. 
^  Tknmkrune  and  Grant**  Fort  stands  on  the  sami 
river,  towards  it»head,  on  the  west.^ 

^to  oawMtotioo  wii|i  theie  fbrtoi  time  are  bouief  in  whicb  aooie  w^  | 
pmfkt  live,  who  sre  enfagvd  in  uvdiiif  with  the  Indiaut  of  the  •« 
try,  by  leeriTing  their  fun  in  exchange  for  European  articlet*    Some  I»  I 
4lana  alio  retkle  with  them  in  the  capacity  oj  domeititt.    llie  mcif  d 
tlma  anahliihimnn  an*  i^  yere  fopasi  whae  the  Staadk  owomI  # 


ektrtum  Fort  is  at  Ihe  head  of  Red  Hiv^,  t^  lididal^ 
I  %1, 40,  longitude  103, 16,  wvsl. 

Marihoro^,  Somerset,  and  Swan  RieerF&Ms,  areiieai^ 
Carlton,  though  a  little  to  the  north  east  ' 

Cumberland  House  and  Fort  are  situated  at  (he  inoiith 
I  of  the  Saskatchiwice,  already  mentfdned.  On  thisHver^ 
in  its  extent  towards  the  west,  there  are  the  ibllOWiMi^ 
|traditig  establishmetits  aiid  forts  :  '  ^ 

SmUh  Branch,  is  in  latitude  52,  longitude  107. 

Hudson  lays  a  little  more  to  the  nortii. 

Nefawi,  Fort  George,  Fori  Augustus  and  F&ri  Bour^. 
lite  situated  near  Lake  Winnipic,  ih  latitude  55,  25,  tihli* 
longitude  107,  48,  west 

Fort  Chipewyan  is  at  the  entrance  or  totith  side  idf 
|the  Lake  of  the  Hills,  already  described. 

Fort  Daulfhm  stands  on  Daulphin  Lake 

These  forts  are  generally  formed  with  high,  large' 
I  pickets,  which  inclose  all  the  buildmgs  at  the^stahlish^' 
ntnt ;  and  are  intended  as  a  security  against  any  hoi^' 
jtile  attempts  of  the  native?.  '  ^ 

Asriculturf m^'V try  little  attenticli  U  paid  to  this  bua^ 
mss  in  North-west  Land,  though  a  considerable  mlgFlit^ 
be  done  to  advantage  in  some  parts,  particularly  In  the 
jsouthwest  ^ 

The  inhabitants  tif  some  of  the  trading  posts,  as  far 
Inorthas  the  Lake  of  the  Hills,  lA  latitude  5t^,  58,  nortK$^ 
and  longitude  110,  26,  west,  have  planted   cabbegfu 
|ttt#nips  and  parsnlp»,  which  did  very  wpII. 

Wheat,  and  even  com,  Will  do  tolenkblfe  well  at  tar 
{|ioithaa53degreefi 


A 


I « 


f  iM  y 


'V'J^eraA  sorts  oT  rich  and  valuable  grass  can  be  raised 
as  far  north  as  the  60th  degree  ;  indeed  the  woods  are 
general^  crowned  with  a  vernal  robe  in  the  summer 
season. 

^^Commeteei— 'This  consists  entirely  in  skins  and  fiir, 
a;nd  is  carried  on  with  the  different  nations  of  Inuians 
already  named,  by  the  North-west  and  Hu^.»on  Bay 
Companies— ^n  account  of  whom  ,hasi  already  beeni 
given  under  the  article  **  Foriificcuions  "  This  com. 
merce  has  been  very  advantageous  to  its  conductors. 

.  Some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  commerce  d  I 
North- west  Land,  may  be  formed  from  the  following 
statement,   copied  from  a  general  history  of  the  for  | 
tnide,  by  Alexander  Mackenzie  : 
•      In  the  year  1798,  there  was  brought  from  North*  I 
west  Land,  by  the  way  of  Montreal,*   106,000  beaver- 1 
skins,  2,100  bea? -skins,  4,000  kitt  fox-skins,  4,<>00  otter- 
skins,    17,000  musquash-skinS,    32,000    martimskinsJ 
1,800  mink-skins j   6,000   lynx-skins,   600  wolverine* 
skins,   1,650    fisher-skins,    100   raccoon-skins,  3,800 
wolfskins,  700  elk-skins,  750  deer-skins,  1,^00  dee^| 
•kins  dressed,  1,500  fox  skins,  500  buffalo  robes,f  and  i 
)i|iiantity  of  castorum. 

Tht  whole  number  of  these  skins  amount  to  184,300. 
13;364  of  the  above  skins,  all  beaver,  weighed  19,283 1 
ppuuds,  which  is  more  than  a  pound  each. 

After  these  skins  are  collected  at  the  different  trading  I 
posts,  they  are  brought  in  canoes  to  the  cascades  of  St 
Matj,  from  which  pUce  they  are  conveyed  in  large  | 

^  V      *  A  large  number  went  Iqr  tfee  direction  of  Hudion  Bty. 
't  TheK  robea  are  worth  fhim  tweflfe  to  liiliaD  ctollin  fai  N«w»T«k| 
and  Boston. 


(    109    ) 


vasels  to  Lake  Erie,  and  down  to  hixke  Onttiiio^^||Dii> 
treal,  Quebec,  and  to  London. 

The  different  sort  of  skins  whieh  were  collected  ip 
North-west  Land,  and  the  other  British  countries  in 
the  north,  in  theyeariSlO,  amounted  to  205,56^4 

A  calculation  of  the  manner  in  whii&li  the  fur  trade  Of 
North-west  Land  might  be  carried  on  to  great  advan- 
tage, is  made  by  Mr.  Mackenzie,  after  the  following  man. 
ncr : 

By  the  waters  that  discharge  themselves  into  Hudson 
Bay  at  Port  Nelson,  it  is  proposed  to  carry  on  the  trade 
to  their  source  at  the  head  of  the  Saskatchiwine  Riv^, 
which  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  not  8  degrees  of 
longitude  from  the  Pacific  ocean.  The  Columbi«i  River 
flows  also  from  the  same  mountains,  and  falls  into  the 
Pacific  in  lat.  46,  20 — both  of  them  are  capable  of  re- 
ceiving ships  at  their  mouths,  and  are  navigable  through- 
out for  boats. 

The  distance  between  these  waters  is  not  great  By 
opening  this  intercourse  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pa« 
cific  oceans,  and  forming  Regular  establishments  through 
the  interior,  and  at  both  extrames,  as  well  as  along  thie 
coajst  and  iilands,  the  tentire  command  of  the  fur  trade 
in  North  America  might  be  obtained,  from  latatude  48 
north,  to  the  pole,  except  that  part  of  it  which  the  Rus- 
sians have  in  the  Pacific.  To  this  may  be  added  the 
fishing  in  both  teai,  and  the  markets  of  the  four  quarters 
of  the  globe. 

Such  would  be  the  field  for  dommerciAl  enterprise, 
and  incalculable  would  bt  ^e  prpducc  of  it  whei^  sup- 
Parted  by  government. 


m 


. ' 


i} 


,  yli,^W|!flainsin<;:«the  Ncof^i-west  Company  retained 

^,,their  employment  50  clerk?,  7  P  interpreters,  11^1  c^{ 

^Qo^m^li, and 35  guides.      ^^,  .^  .    . 

^  Msinufactures.-^Thia  is  not  earned  on  very  extensivfrl 

Jyin  North- west- Land  ;  nevertheless  it  is  sui&cientto 

answer  the  purfwise  of  the  natives,  who  make  .use  of;  but 
very  Uttle  clothing  or  any  other  articles  that  are  of  foi 
C^ign  manufacture.  r 

They  prepare  their  clothes,  tools,  medicine,  food  and  I 

.4ifink;  make  sugar,  and  several  kinds  of  liquor,  and  all 
their  hunting  ancT  cooking  instruments  and  utensils  J 

Unany  of  whic)i^i^e  handsome^  ^.^luid  fU  U)gemO!U8ly| 

ibri^ed. 
.  .^  all  the  forts  or  trading  establishments,  there  are  I 

.  several  kinds  of  articles  manufactured  by  the  soldiers 
and  servants  of  those  places ;  some  of  which-  they  dis- 
pose of  to  the  natives. 
^  Settiements. — These  are  but  few  in  number,  and  butl 
spall  in  extent,  and  are  entirely  confined  to  those  spots 
where  there  are  trading  posts.  At  these  stations  there 
ate  generally  about  three  hundred  souls,  some  Euro-| 
peans  and  some  natives. 

^  AlthcAigh  most  of  the  trading  ''establishments,  and  I 
tfmall  settlements  connected  witHthem,  have  been  foriB- 
ed  #ince  this  part  of  North  America  has  been  owned  by 
the  English,  yet  there  were  some  formed  by  the  Frencb 
as  early  as  1677^  as  far  nofth  as  the  Saskatchiwine 
river,  particularly  those  at  Pasquia,  near  the  Carrot 
river,  ^nd  at  Nipaws,  whieifrthey  had  agricultvral  in- 
struments and  wheel-carriages,  and  whjci^  tl^e  land  i$  | 
Excellent 


<  in  ) 

Bearing  and  dktancea  efplacet.'^From  V^tk,  inlUp- 
Iper  Canada,  in  latitude  45,  46,  noith,  to  the  grand 
portage,  on  the  sotith-west  side  of  Lake  Superior/  in  la- 
titude 48,  it  is  600  miles  on  a  straight  line,  in  ^nearly  a 
[north-west  direction,  though  inclining  tdthe  weit 

From  the  grand  portage,  in  the  same  directidn,  it  in 
j220nii)es  to  the  middle  of  the  Lake  of  the  Woods, 
which  is  the  corner  line  between  the  Biitish  and  Ame* 
rican  possessions. 

From  this  place,  it  is  330  miles,  a  due  JnoTth*west 
course,  to  the  middle  of  Lake  Winnipie. 

From  the  north-east  end  6f  this  lake,  it  is  300  miles 
j  east  of  north-east  to  Hudson  Bay,  at  York  Fort,  already 
hoted,  in  latitude  57, 10,  longitude  93,  west.  This  is 
I  the  distance  in  following  the  river  Nelson. 

From  the  north-west  part  of  Lake  Winnipie  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Saskatchiwine  river,  is  120  miles. 

From  this,  the  same  course,  to  Port  Lache,  or  over 
the  great  dividing  mountain  in  latitude  56,  20,  and  Ion* 
gitude  109,  it  is  320  miles. 

From  this,  to  the  Lake  of  the  Hills^  nearly  a  north 
course,  it  is  120  miles.  i^n- 

The  whole  distance  from  York  to  the  Lake  of  the 
Hills  is  1,710  miles,  being  about  a  north-west  direction* 

From  the  Lake  of  the  Hills  it  is  220  miles,  north  of 
north- west,  to  the  middle  of  the  Slave  Lake. 

From  the  north  part  of  this  lake,  a  due  north  course, 
it  is  450  miles  to  the  shore  of  the  Frozen  Sea. 

From  the  west  part  of  Slave  Lake  it  is  500  mites, 
south,  of  west,  to  Observatory  Inlet,  on  the ,  Pacifli: 
Ocean,  already  noted. 


1 

1 

mm  ' 

IB 

hh 

iH  m  IHi 

3H|{|  ^1 

^Br^ 

INV 

'WBw' 

1  Hi 

;jHf  Rf 

1  ■ 

1^1  1 

W  1 

i| 

;K  ,ii*r 


(  nt  ) 


i 


lii 


Vtwm^ttt  hfkm^fi^^  Hill^v  it  is  7^  miles,  8,outh  of 
«icesfe,  ito  the  Pa<^6tOceatP»  by  the  way  of  the  large 
^eace  Rlrer,  tiot  ik>  follow  its  meaodei  ings. 
V.  The  line  of  eommunication,  thdt  has  been  hinted  9t, 
for  the  purpose  of  cariying  on  the  for  trade  to  advaot- 
iigei  would  extend  near  the  following  directiont: 

From  York  Fort,  on  Hudson  Bay,  at  the  mouth  «f 
the  Nelson  fiUver,  the  length  of  this  river,  as  stated 
above^  to  the  Winnipic,  is  300  miles  ;  through  the  end 
f»f  that  lake  to  the  mouth  of  the  Saskatchiiykie  river, 
)70;  then  up  the  south  branch  of  that  river,  south  of 
.west  for  530  miles,  and  which  is  excellent  for  the  navi- 
gation of  boats  to  its  head,  without  any  falls.  This  is  in 
ktitude  51,  and  longitude  113,  west;  and  here  the 
rgreat  stony  mountains  are  to  be  crossed,*  from  which 
It  is  250  miles  to  the  great  Columbia  River,  where  it  is 
large,  about  300  from  its  mouth.  This  river  might  be 
followed  ;  or  it  is  about  50  miles  from  it^  on  a  straight 
•fine,  to  the  Gulph  of  Georgia,  which  connects  with  th« 
Pacific. 

From  this  we  se«,  that  the  whole  distance  from  the 
|^H{^  navigation  in  Hudson  Bay  to  that  of  the  Paeific,  j» 
J^  1340  miles,  and  which  is  all  water  except  420. 
..Jf'ater  Navigatum.^-^Thw  is  quite  extensive,  though 
chiefly  confined  to  the  lakes  and  large  rivers,  where  it 
must  be  carried  on  by  boats  and  canoes,  as  but  few  of 
the  rivers  will  admit  sail-vessels,  except  at  their  mouths, 
though  some  of  them  afford  water  suiBcient  for  '^sloopii 


*  Mr.  Otn,  who  croiKd  thif  moMptaia  wHh  I^ewiv  snd  iPI(M4ir»  con; 
|iilteitkB(li«taiioeov«rlttob9iaojiiile».  ,    ^, 


but  tre  olMractedbjr  i^pidfiina  ij^BiiBi^f  With  a  ca* 
noe,  a  person,  from  the  great  portage  oa  Lake  Supe* 
rior,  may  find  their  way  by  water  into  almost  every 
part  of  Ndrth-west  Land,  by  different  routs,  to  Hndson 
Bay,  to  the  Frozen  Sea,  and  to  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
1^0  part  of  the  globes  perhaps,  of  the  same  size,  afibrds 
80  much  navigable  water. 

CarkusUks. — ^The  curiosities  of  this  countiy,  no  doubt, 
are  numerous;  but  as  it  has  been  but  little  explored, 
frw  of  much  note  have  as  yet  been  discovered. 

West  of  Lake  Sujperior  is  situated  Rose  Lake,  which 
has  five  feet  of  water,  under  which  there  is  mud  and 
slime  of  the  d^th  of  tw«lve  feet,  which  has  an  attractive 
power — heavy  loaded  canoe»  have  sometimes  sunk,  whdii 
they  come  to  the  part  of  the  lake  where  this  mud  and 
slime  were  the  deepest. 

Between  Lake  Winnipic  and  the  Lake  of  the  Hil%i 
is  Lake  d«  L'Isle  d'Ours,  in  which  there  is  a  kind  of  a 
rapid,  named  Qui  ne  Parle,  or  that  never  speaks  from 
its  silent  whirlpool-motion — the  suction  of  these  whirls 
are  very  powerful,  and  must  be  avoided. 

Nut  far  from  this  place,  there  is  a  point  of  lan^,  c^cir* 
ed  with  human  bones,  by  the  ravages  of  the  smaH-pdJt, 
which  prevailed  to  a  great  extent,  and  spread  desolation 
among  all  4he  Indians  of  North-west  Land,  in  about 
1778-1-9;  near  this  spot  also, there  are  some  high  rocka, 
on  which  the  Indians  have  painted  a  numbei*  of  ted 
figures ;  and  when  paasing  by  this  place,  they  sacrifice  to 
the  god  of  death. 

On  the  border  of  the  Slave  Lake,  in  lat^  6^1,  north^ 
in  1789,  on  the  9th  of  June,  the  leaves  were  at! 


(,  1^*  ) 


fill!  growth,  although  the  ground  was  not  thawed  more 
thaafourUen  nehte  deep.^At  tb«  same  place,  on  the 
IMh^  at  nig^,th«  atmosphere  was  sufficiently  clear  to 
enable  A  person  to  read  without  the  aid  of  artificifti 
light.— >At  the  same  place  and  time,  (June)  the  sun  was 
beneath  the  horizon  only  four  hours  and  twenty4wo 
minutes,  and.  rose  north  twenty  of  east  by  compass.  It 
however  fixMEeao  hard^  that  during  the  sun's  disappear^ 
ance,  the  water  was  covered  with  ice  half  a  quarter  of 
an  inch  thick.  — 

On,  the  south  side  of  Slave  Lake,  the  fire  has  desttoy- 
e§  all  the  Wood  for  a  long  extent,  on  which  there  has 
sprung  lip  young  poplars,  though  nothing  but  spruce 
plUe  grew,  there  ofn^nally. 

'^^On  Mackenzie's  River,  in  lat.  68,  the  5th  July,  the 
son  rose  seven  minutes  before  2  o'clock,  and  set  fifty- 
three  minutes  past  9. 

The  Indians  relate,  that  near  an  island  towards  the 
momth  of  Mackenzie's  River,  there  is  a  Msinkoe  or  spi« 
rit,  that  swallows  up  every  person  that  cOmes  near  it** 

On  the  12th  of  July^  in  lat.  68,  the  ground  was  not 
t^l^^lij^  more  than  four  inches  deep,  yet  the  flowers 
#^tn  fun  bloom. 

^^fi  latitude  69  seven  minutes  norths  the  sun  never 
sate— 4his  was  the  case  on  the  12Ui  of  July.f 

Near  thst  mouth  of  Macken^'s  river,  there  is.  a 
high  bank  and  soft  rock,  variegated  with  red,  green  and 
j^li>w  hQe»»   From  th^  toutinual  dropping  of  water, 


*^  BerlMqM  a  wMrilioal. 

t  3ae  S^Mkepi^VYofaiet,  m«  SM^  VaL  |. 


Ian  never 


(Arts  df  it*  M  and  break-  into  »ma]l  ston^  :fli^es  like 
sIatfc.--^Aniong  them^  are  found  pieces  of  Pet  rolmnl 
which  bear  a  lesemblance  to  yeHow  wsut,  but  are  mor« 
friable.— Siiiiilar  rooks  are  to  be  found  on  the  north 
fide  of  .Slave  I^ake^  where  there  is  eopper^  Flint  is  ft}s6 
Collected  ft^om  this  place*  ' 

Near  the  shore  of  the  North  s^,  Mackenzie  rehitety 
that  two  crops  of  cranberries  are  gathered  from  the  same 
^ne  in  one  year,  some  dry  and  some  green. 

The  Hare  Indiens,  north  of  the  Slave  Lak^,  have  a 
burying  plaee^  in  which  there  are  sepulchres  h^wnov^^ 
of  solid  rock«  <■-    %^ 

The  Peace  River  faHs  into  Itfackeneie's  Riverr  1^ 
two  months  soon  after  it  leaves  the  Slave  Lake ;  at  times 
the  waters  of  Peace  River  run  into  the  lake ;  but  al 
^hcr  times  they  run  out  of  the  lake  into  that  riveiv  and 
into  the  sea.  .  ^ 

Between  Winnipicand  Slave  Lake,  near  an  Indian 
road,  there  is  to  be  seen  a  huge  Stone  Bear,  which  the 
natives  hold  in  great  veneration ;  they  have  painted 
ttiany  figures  on  it,  and  sometimes  ofier  sacrifices^^^ 

Popuiation» — This  cdnnot  be  stated  with  any  degree  dt 
sCccuracy  whatever*  The  natives  themselves  can  give 
no  account  of  their  liumber;  and  as  the  country  is  «o 
extensive  and  its  inhabitants  are  not  local,  even  the  tr^ 
ders  do  not  pretend  to  number  them*  Indeed  there  are 
thousands  that  never  have  s«en  any  of  the  white  people. 

In  the  year  1668,  when  the  first  missionaries  visited 

this  country,  they  found  it  fult  of  inhabitants^'  but  no^ 

there  are  comparatively  hw^y  and  not  a  traee  of  the  refi^i 

gion  communicated  unto  them,  is  to  be  discovered,    in 
G3 


ilj^',,  '4^^     .-   ►.* 


■■,T*- 


tiji^e  y^;§ae^^,|^7^9^.  t|^e  8m»lVpox.vei7  nujcb  thinned  the 
uihabiUnt9i>f  ^#rth-wept  itancl^  im  account  of  which  b 
give^  by.  Mr,  IVIaickenzie^  in  very  a%c|ling  language. 
.^JLtfBr«»!i^.>—Thestate  of  education  in  North-west  Land- 
fi  .^crbun^  in^  a  lc|W  condition. :  What  few  whice  people 
resifle  among  the  natives  have  but  little  inducement  to 
educatip  their  children^  but  too  inany  follow  the  ways  of 
the.Indi^9^ 

^ ,  As  for  the.natives,  they  are  not  instructed  in  the  know, 
ledgd  of  le|j(e|^  at  all;  hqwever,  it  cannot  be  denied  but 
iv^at  thi^  make  use  of  certain  ^rts  to  the  benefit  of  life. 
1|^iBy  know  the  medicinal  properties  of  many  heibs  and 
jftimpl^  and  ^pply  the  roots  of  plants  and  the  barks  of 
l^cees.  vThey  can  count  time,  and  it  is  said  that  some 
pr«tf;nd  to  tell  theXime  of  the  appearanceof  an  eclipse. 

J^rG^«-«The  oiiDrals  Qfthe,ii|babitants.of  this  country 
are  but  indifferent.  The  whites  of  the  forts  sure,  quite  re- 
g^ai^IesSy.in  a  great  jjtteasure,  of  the  duties  of  morality^- 
justice,  benevolence^  and  decency  of  deportment  is  but 
Ut^e  qbf»eryed  here.-  The  hqly^  sabbath  has  never  been 
bjr  tjii^4li^ves,^d%^^  by  the  white 

I'ta^tpi;^^  vor.  ^ » God  of  nature^  hasnevertheless,  in- 
^i^d  iiitq  tbe  souls  of  ^lany  Ojf  |he.childrenof  the.  wiide^ 
ness.  sentiment^  of  justice,  humanity,  and  sobriety^  and 
ahigh^i'fspectfor  theirfe)l99^--cri»tures.  ^  y 

f  >^^i^*<??'r--*^^<>^WiMi3tanding  ul|iat  these  natives  of 
Tiorth^we^t  Land  have  never  seen  the  Bible,  they  hav^ 
some  religious^  notions  and  impressions,  and  which  in 
i|6nie  degree  prove  bene6ci^t»tl|«D|)«^l^in  a|^^ 
end  social  oapaci^. 


(    »7    ) 

They  universally  Ifdieve  in  the  existence  and  saperin- 
lendancyof  an  invisible  and  almighty  being,  ivHo  form- 
ed the  universe,  and  at  whose  disposal  are  all  things,  «id 
vtho  is  very.  good.  From  this  sentiment  they  d¥aw 
pleasure  in  prosperity  and  support  in  adversity.  I'hey 
believe  that  after  this  life,  they  shall  Iwe  again,  and  enjoy 
great  happiness,  small  happiness,  or  little  pain,  accord- 
ing to  their  deeds  in  this  world.* 

The  notion  which  the  Chepewyans  entertain  of  the 
(Creation  is  of  a  very  singular  nature.  They  belieire  that 
at  the  first  the  globe  was  inhabited  by  no  living  creature, 
except  a  mighty  bird,  whose  ^es  were  fire,  whoibe 
glances  were  lightning,  ^nd  the  clapping  of  whose  wings 
were  thunder ;  on  his  descent  to  the  ocean  and  touch- 
ing it,  the  earth  instantly  xvoae  and  remained  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  waters.  This  omnipotent  bird  then  called 
ibith  all  the  variety  of  animals  from  the  eart^,  except 
the  Chepewyans,  who  were  formed  from  a  dog;  and 
this  circumstance  occasions  their  aversion  to  the  flesh  of 
that  anima}^  as  well  as  the  people  who  eat  it. 

They  believe,  that  in  ancient  times  their  ancestors  liv- 
ed tiU  their  feet  were  worn  out  with  walking,  and'their 
throats  with  eating*  They  describe  a  deluge,  whcfn  the 
WKters  spread  over  the  whole  earth,  except  the  highest 
nuiuntains,  on  tb«  tops  of  which  they  preserved  them^ 
selves.*;: 

They  believe,  that  immediately  after  death  they  pass 
iRto  another  world,  inhere  they  «rrive  at  a  large  riveri. 


*  Here  Mre  see  tbe  benefit  of  teligkni,  ahliOtte^  clouded  witli  'uK^ 

ii(tt  uid  fetteMd  widi  grow  igiumncit!* 

G  4 


(   U8   ) 


■m 


f« 


•n  wkich  they  embark  in  a  stone  camoe,  and  that  a  geik* 
tie  current  bears  tlpem  on  to  an  extensive  lake,  in  tbe- 
cenllre  of  which  is  a  most  beautiful  island ;  and  that  in 
the  view  of  this  delightful  abode  they  receive  that  judg* 
ment  for  their  conduct  during  life.  If  their  good  acti  jns 
are  declared  to  predominate,  they  are  landed  upon  the 
island,  where  there  is  to  be  no  end  to  their  happiness, 
which  however  is  to  be  of  a  sensual  nature ;  but  if  their 
bad  adions  outweigh  the  good,  the  canoe  sinks^  and 
leaves  them  up  to  their  chin  in  water,  where  they  strug- 
gle for  ever  to  get  to  the  island,  but  all  in  vain. 

They  have  some  feint  notions  of  the  transmigration 
of  the  soul.  They  make  private  prayers  and  sacrifice 
living  animals.  They  believe  that  the  spirit  of  the  dead 
roves  about  on  the  trees  near  their  graves  if  their  pro- 
perty is  not  interred  Mdth  them. 

Notwithstanding  the  great  ignorance  and  superstition 
that  now  prevails  Over  the  natives  of  British  North  Amer- 
jica,  the  time  once  was  when  not  one  Indian  could  be 
found,  who  had  came  to  the  years  of  maturity,  but  what 
was  taught  in  tjhe  first  principles  of  Chistianity,  through 
the  pious  zeal  and  perseverance  of  the  Koman  Oath* 
otic  dergy.  Whatever  may  be  the  absurdity  of  some  of 
the  sentiments  of  the  Roman  church,  yet  the  conduct 
of  those  missionaries  among  the  poor  Indiansis  highly 
to  be  commended.  '*i'  ■■  " 

To  leave  the  society  of  polished  men  to  mingle  with 
the  rude  and  even  ferocious  savage^  to  endure  all  th# 
privations  of  poverty,  to  be  exposed  to  the  sevfrities  of 
an  unfriendly  climate,  and  to  suifer  all  the  diseases  of 
mortality,  when  f^r  beyond  the  rtach  of  the  sof^  hand 


■■■* 


(  iw  ) 


■^. 


^  huintn  comfbit;  tp  doiand  auffer  all  this  ^r,  tl\e  btii% 
fit  of  others,  wit,hout  the  least  prospect,  of.  temporal  ^ 
vantage,  in  my  opinion,  discovers  a  soul  highly  touched 
with  a  sensibility  of  divine  honor,  and  a  heart  ^uite  in^v 
different  to  human  considerations. 

These  heavenly  travellers  crossed  rivers,  lakes  and 
lofty  mountains ;  penetrated  thick,  immeasurable  and 
gloomy  forests  and  woods,  in  search  of  the  pooi*  lost 
sons  and  daughters  of  Adam ;  to  show  unto  them  th« 
blessed  God  and  loving  Saviour ;  to  lead  them  from  this 
miserable  world  to  the  Heavenly  Paradise  above.  B^t, 
alas  !  alas  I  notwithstanding  all  the  good  that  has  been 
don»;  by  preaching  the  gospel  to  the  savages,  it  avails 
nothing  at  present ;  which  circumstance  proves  that  the 
Indians  must  first  be  civilized  before  they  can  be  chris* 
tianized.  Those  who  attempt  to  teach. Indians  the  re- 
vealed truths  of  Chrii^tianity,  so  that  they  will  act  under 
Its  sanctions,  and  be  impelled  to  |good  by  the  hope  of 
reward,  or  turned  from  evil  by  the  fear  of  its  punish- 
ments, must  begin  their  work  by  teaching  them  some  of 
those  useful  arts  which  are  the  inlets  of  knowledge,  and 
lead  the  mind  by  degrees  to  objects  of  higher  comjKp 
hemion*  Agriculture,  so  Ibrmed  to  fix  and  combme 
society,  and  so  preparatory  to  objects  of  superior  con- 
sideration, should  have  been  the  first  thing  introduced 
among  a  savage  people ;  it  attaches  the  wandering  tribe 
to  that  spot  which  adds  so  much  to  their  comfiort; 
whilst  it  gives  them  a  sense  of  property  and  of  lasting 
possession,  instead  of  the  uncertain  hope  of  the  chase. 
Mid  (he  fugjitive  produce  of  uncultivated  |^lds.    Such 


;  «»»    .  '-/l.  ^  ■, 


(  WO  7 


^wre  the  iattMs  by  which  the  forests  Jajf  l^rftgaay  wete' 
emiverted  mto  a  scene  of  aihtiit^nt  eUfViratian,  and  its 
Avage  inhabitants  introducedf  to  aO  the  wantages  of  a 
ci^lizedlifik 


K  K 


DESCRIPTIOJf 


OF 


^m^'^tiuin* 


THIS  great  tfdct  of  country,  which  is  generally 
{denominated  New-Britain,*  m^J  be  designated  by  the 
jfollowing  lines  and  boundaries : 

To  begin  a  line  at  the  mouth  of  the  straks  of  BeUisle 

[(which  conveys  part  of  the  gulph  of  St.  Lawrence  into 

the  Atlantic)  right  where  the  line  of  the  latitude  of  52» 

north,  and  the  longitude  of  55,  west  from  Greenwich^ 

intersect   each  other,  will  be  a  proper  set-out ;  we  will 

then  follow  this  line  duly  west,  through  a  »  mall  p^rl  si 

James*  Bay,  which  makes  out  of  Hudson  Bay  into  thU' 

north  p^  of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  in  longitude 

1 80,  west,  and  cross  near  the  mouth  of  Aibany  Hn)erthBt 

runs  into  the  bay ;  and  proceed  till  we  come  to  where 

I  this  line  intersects  with  the  line  oi  the  longitude  of  95, 

*  It  it  wroetiinn  eaHsd  Ulbfador,*  and  part  tlrafoof,  Sew  Sornh  Wakf, 
iNewNKiliWklyi.  '   *•'"     ■ 


(  1«  ) 


i'l 

II 

ll 

11 

^Hji^^Hj 

11 

Di'nl 


i^stf  a  Kttle  soiit1i-e«8t  of  L&ke  Winni|^ic,  hem%  «  \mi 
of  the  length  of  40  degrees  of  longitude,  which  in  thii 
part  of  the  globe  is  aboUt  14S0  miles  on  a  straight  course, 
a»  every  degree  measures  37  geographical  miles ;  from 
this  comer  we  will  follow  the  above  line  of  longitude 
due  north,  cross  the  Paplar  Rivevt  that  comes  out  of 
Lake  Winnipic  and  runs  into  Hudson  Bay ;  and  thence 
through  the  middle  of  the  Knee  Lake,  where  the  line  of 
the  latitude  of  55  crosses  it ;    then  proceed  and  cross 
the  Biver  of  Port  Nelson^  that  enters  the  bay  ait  York 
Fort ;  thence  on  the  margin  of  the  west  side  of  Hudson 
Bay  for  150  miles;   thence  proceed  and  cross  Chester- 
Jield  Inlet,  and  so  oo  to  the  North  or  Frozen  sea,  in 
lat.  70,  north*  which  is  further  than  the  land  lies,  being 
a  line  that  passes  18  degrees  north,  which  is  1080  geo* 
graphical  miles.    We  will  then  pass  on  the  shore  of  tlie 
North  sea  an  east  courde,  till  we  come  to  long.  70,  which 
is  on  the  Atlantic  shore,  being  a  line  that  passes  2'>  deg, 
oC  long,  which  is  509  miles,  as  a  degree  of  long,  here  is 
20    miles;    from  hence  we  take  a  south  direction  on 
the  east  shore  of  the  Atlantic,  pass  the  Straits  o^  Hud* 
foil  Bay  on  the  right,  and  finally,  by  bearing  a  little  to 
the  south,  arrive  at  the  Straits  of  Sellule,  from  whence 
,We  set  out,  being    18   degrees,  and  as  the  west  line 
1080  milts.    This  being  now  the  boundaries  of  New* 
Britain  we  may  describe  its  situation  and  extent 

New-Britain  lajrs  between  52  and  70  degrees  of  north 
latitude,  and  between  55  and  95  degrees  of  west  longi- 
tude from  Greenwich.  It  is  bounded  east  by  the  Atlan. 
t|c  ocean,  north-east  by  Davi$*  Straktt  which  separate 
il  from  Greenland^  north  by  the  Froseo  sea,  west  by 


(  *^  > 

Nottk-wesl  Lan^  and  part  of  Upper  Canada,  licfutli  hyi 
Upper  and  Lower  Canada  and  the  giilph  <ii  St.  Lam. 
rence.  It  is  1080  miks  longfrom  south  to  north,  and 
1489  wide  on.  the  &out^  }imt,  hnt  tapefs  on  thf  i^Dith  t9 
509  miles.  '■•■   ''^'- '■■'■'■  '' '     •:'     ••  v-:     u<^^ 

Surface. — More  than  one  Half  of  this  country  19 
covered  with  waler  and  rock.  Hudson  Bay  extends  it* 
self  over  at  least  one  third  of  the  country,  on  the  shore 
of  which^  as  wiell  as  on  the  shore  of  the  Frozen  se^, 
(he  strait  of  Davis,  and  the  Atlantic  ocean,  there  are 
rocks  ^nd  stones  in  ahundance,  nevertheless  there  if 
some  level  land  in  the  interior,  particuhirly  in  tht 
north-west  of  James'  Bay,  an4  near  the  mouth  of  thic 
Severn  River,  A  large  range  of  mountains  is  seen  ex- 
tending from  the  north-east  near  the  straita  of  Hudson 
fiay  towards  the  south.  After  passing  as  far  south  as  the 
degree  of  -^0  north  latitude,  they  turn  to  the  south-weet 
between  the«nd  of  James'  Bay  and  the  head  of  the  Aut. 
tawas  River,  through  the  north  part  of  Upper  Canadt^ 
aorth  of  Lake  Superior,  when  near  the  crossing  of  the 
Knee  of  lat.  50,  north,  and  long.  90,  they  divide ;  one 
range  turning  more  south,  and  the  other  noith.west, 
passing  to  the  north-east  of  Lake  Winni^yic — this  whdik 
range  divides  the  waters  that  run  into  Hudson  Bayfroni 
those  that  run  into  the  gulph  anr.  river  St.  Jjawrence, 
although  in  a  few  places  rivers  have  found  their  way 
through.  / 

SoiL-^lt  cannot  be  cxpeeled  that  the  soil  of  any  coun- 
try so  far  north  can  be  fertile.  A  great  part  of  the  north. 
east  of  New^Britain  is  nothing  rtiore  than  barren  sand^ 
and  rocka^  with  •oinc  sfoti  ot  sMid  that  produce  grim 


T\; 


(   lU   ) 

' mSi'&rfS^ery.  In  Ine  south-wesi  p^rt  tliere  is  soak  soil 
€h'ftt  is  tolerably  rich  an<$  clear  of  stone. 
^  Climate, -—The  cUinate'df  NeW.6riia]n  is  quitfe  unfa* 
vorable,  as  in  msiny  parts  on  the  moutitaSns  and  high 
grounds,  the  frost  never  leaves  the  surface,  and  in  many 
other  places  the  thaw  does  not  penetrate  more  than  ten 
inches  during  the  whole  summer. 
*  Ihe vicitiity  of  this  country  to  the  Frozen  Sea  con* 
tlibutes  also  to  the  prevalence  of  ct>ld. 

The  snow  generally  lies  here  6  or  7  feet  deibp,  fdr  six 
Ibonths  ;  but  in  the  spring  of  the  yeat-  its  diminution  is 
v%ry  rapid  on  the  sides  of  the  ground  which  enclines  to 
the  sun,  and  is  screened  %om  the  north  wind. 
'^'Notwithstanding  the  severity  of  the  climate  in  N^w- 
Britain,  the  inhabitants  enjoy  much  health,  and  live  to  a 
great  age.  The  snow  that  generally  falls  in  this  coun- 
try, is  in  solidity  like  fine  sand ;  and  the  ice  on  the  rivers 
at>out  eight  feet  thick.  In  the  severest  weather,  port 
'  Mne  will  frieze  to  a  solid  mass,  and  brandy  coagulates ; 
and  the  very  breath  will  appear  on  the  bed  blankets  like 
a  heavy  frost. 

Ill  lat.  57,  the  sun  rises  in  the  shortest  dajrs  five  mi'' 
fiitltes  past  9,  and  sets  five  minutes  past  9  ;  so  that  the 
dlys  are  but  six  hours  long — in  the  longest  days,  the  sun 
rises  at  3  and  sets  at  9,  of  course  those  days  are  eighteen 
hours  long. 

The  ice  begins  to  disappear  in  May,  and  hot  weather 
^nunencet  about  the  10th  of  June,  which  at  times, 
it  so  violent  as  to  scorch  the  skin  of  those  exposed  to 
the  sun.  Thunder  is  but  seldom  heard  here,  but  very 
i;}ple|it    There  it  a  great  diifereiice  of  heat  and  cj^M  in 


{  m  ) 

■  •  J*        ■■■ 

..  ■  / 

this  vast  country,  which  reaches  Irom  lat.  52,^  tp  70  north. 

During  a  great  j^rt  of  th«i  winter  the  firmament  exM- 

bits  a  splendid  appearance,  and  cannot  faM  qf  drawing 

the  admiration  of  the  curious. 

Mqck  Sunt  are  often  seen,  and  haiai  are  very  frequent; 
they  a,re  very  hright,  and  richly  tinged  with  flfU.^tIi|B 
colors  of  the  rainbow. 

The  sun  rises  and  sets  with  a  large  cone  of  yellowish 
fight.  The  night  has  i^s  beauties  also. — The  Aurora. 
Borealis  spreads  a  thousand  different  lights  and  colors 
over  the  whole  concave  of  the  sky. — Nor  is  it  defaced 
by  the  splendor  of  the  full  moon.  The  stars,  which  ap 
pear  uncommonly  large,  are  of  a  fiery  redness.  ^ 

The  climate  is  much  i^ilder  in  the  interior,  than  on 
the  sea  cost.  The  snow  is  not  more  than  ha)f  so  def^p^ 
The  most  part  of  Hudson  Bay  is  always  frozen.  . 

Natural  Productions, — These  are  not  numerous  not 
profitable.  As  has  been  observed,  a  great  part  of  this 
country  is  nothing  more  than  barren  sands  and  >craggy 
rocks ;  it  is  not  therefore  to  be  supposed,  that  it  abouiM^ 
in  valuable  productions. 

On  the  low  grounds  and  river  bottoms  there  is  a  com* 
sider^ble  quantity  of  timber  ;  such  as  spruce-phie,  hen^ 
lock,  beach  and ,  hirch,  with .  considerable  9hrubb$ry_| 
such  as  laurel,  shumack,  and  some  whortleberries, «» 
also  alder.  There  are  several  kinds  of  the  ever  green  ifi 
a  great  part  of  the  country,  pfirticularly  to  the  west ;  and 
the  ground  is  covered  with  moss,  which  is  quite  yalw^ble 
ior  the  rein  deer  and  other  animals*  ^  .^ 

There  is  also  a  great  quantity  of  wild  fruit  in  tins 
country^  part^cukufly  ft  c|i(si  ry  ik1^c)i  is  as  good  sf  s|}J 


m    '  1' 


t  *^  ) 


«l  p 


in  the  wdridi    Raspbo^^rietf^traAVberries^  cummts  an^ 
eranberri^  are  qmte  plenfy. 

Some  medicinal  hfrbs  are  found  here,  one  of  which 
the  Indians  make  use  of,  in  qcdte  plenty— they  call  it  Wee, 
fiie'd  puchai  Its  virtues  are  many;  it  is  very  agreeable 
though  highly  aromatic,  ft  is  serviceable  in  rheumatic 
pains,  strengthens  the  stomach,  tetieves  the  head,  and 
promote^  pei'8pirati<m. 

Mines, — As  but  httle  of  the  countiy  has  been  explored 
by  white  people,  except  on  the  borders  of  the  lakes  and 
rivers,  for  the  pui^tose  of  catching  beaver  and  the  like, 
it  is  not  known  whether  there  are  many  valuable  mines 
in  it  or  not. 

Not  far  from  the  straits  of  Hudson,  on  the  north  side, 
there  is  s^me  rock  marble  of  a  very  fine  quiUity  and 
beautiful  appearance-— some  is  red  with  green  and  white 
spots  in  it ;  some  white  and  bhie.  Stone  coal  and  plais. 
terof  Paris  are  found  in  great  plenty  throughout  New- 
Britain.  Iron  and  copper  dre  are  quite  plenty^— copperas 
is  found  here  ;  as  also  afhim  and  lead  mines..  Limestone 
is  found  in  great  plenty  every  wh«re. 

>lmfita&.— These  are  not  so  numerous  as  in  other  r 
eountries  more  to  the  south ;  however  there  are  some  of 
i^ost  every  kind  to  be  found  in  this  frozen  region. 
Animals  of  the  fur  kind  are  found  here  in  great  abun* 
dance,  such  as  martins,  beavert^  and  otters,  whose  fon 
is  of  the  best  quality.  Bears,  badgers,  and  hares  are 
aiso  tolerabfy  P^^y  here  in  the  summer  season.  The 
polar  or  great  white  bear  it  a  native  of  tlris  region  only ; 
some  of  them  are  13  felet  long :  these  bears  have  been 
fiwR^as  iyr  as  80  iU#is«(i  norths  vvbr^h  i»  on  tbei<^f  of 


it  • 

the  Frozen  sea.  Rertk'  deer  b  a  native  of  this  place  in 
particular,  and  are  quite  niimerous;  as  also  bisons.  Pop* 
cupines  are  plenty  ajso.  Walrus,  or  sea  horses,  a.e 
found  in  Hudson  Bay. 

There  are  not  many  fowl  j  in  this  region.      GeeS|^ 
come  in  the  spring,  lay  their  Cigs,  hatch  their  young, 
but  go  away  in  the  fall.     There  are  some  birds  which. 
stay  in  New  Britain,  all  the  year,  notwithstanding  the 
seveiityof  the  climate. 

Mr,  Mackenzie  remarks,  that  he  was  much  surprised 
to  hear  birds  sing  on  the  27tii  of  December,  in  lat.  59, 
north.  One  kind  of  these  birds  is  less  than  a  robin  ; 
part  of  his  body  is  of  a  delicate  fawn  color,  and  his 
breast  and  belly  of  a  deep  scarlet ;  the  wings  are  black, 
edged  with  fawn  color,  and  two  white  strips  running 
acro<3S  them ;  the  tail  is  variegated,  and  the  head  crowned 
with  a  turf.  Some  others  are  grey.  There  are  als6 
moose  deer,  tygers,  buffalos,  wolves,  foxes,  ]ynx8,^». 
mineS)  and  vnld  cats. 

All  kinds  of  animals,  even  fowls,  are  of  the  color  of 
snow  in  this  country  ;  and  even  domestic  animab  taken, 
from  the  south,  will  change  their  color  on  the  approach 
of  winter.  Very  few  snakes  are  found  in  this  country; 
and  none  of  a  venomous  nature.  Toads  are  not  to  be 
found  in  New  Britain.  It  might  be  supposed  that^but 
few,  if  any  animals  could  find  subsistence  in  thi3  barren 
country,  especially  in  the  winter,  when  the  ground  is 
so  thickly  covered  with  snow;  yet  the  God  of  nature 
has  kindly  provided  for  all  his  creatures  even  in  this  fro^ 
zen  region.  s  * 

Theve^is  hu^idreds  of  miles  mmtae  iiv  this  coantry 


im 


H 


.#v 


i(  m  > 


mr 


wh'tYt  there  is  neither  ^eenor  buiih,  but  there  is  anuiu. 
v0rsal  covering  of  soft  moss,  which  is  excellent  food  £or 
the  most  of  the  animals  here,  and  in  the  winter  there 
are  plenty  of  evergreens,  which  are  excellent  in  the| 
piidst  of  the  deepest  snow*  v  s.  ,  , 
'>  Mii;ers.^-r^The$e  are  numerous,  large^  and  very  exten>  I 
pivp,  and  mostly  run  into  Hudson  Bay,  though  many 
run  into  the  North  sea.  There  are  several  hundreds 
of  streams  which  rise  in  the  west  and  fall  into  the  At>| 
lantic  ocean,  in  the  distance  of  1200  miles,  all  of  which 
would  be  too  tedious  to  describe. 

Jiuperl*s  River  n^es  from  Lake  Mististtrmy,  in  Lowei  | 
Canada,  passes  through  part  of  New-Britain,  and  falls  I 
into  James  Bay. 

Slude  Biber  rises  near  the  same  place,  and  falls  into  | 

the  bay  liOO  miles  to  the  north.    Several  more  large  ri* 

hirers  fall  into  the  bay  on  the  east,  in  going  to  the  north. 

Great  Whale  Biver  empties  into  Hudson  B^}'  on  the  I 
east,  in  lat.  5b,  north.    Many  more  might  be  described  | 
4,hat  fall  into  the  bay  on  the  same  side. 

.Mbany  River  is  collected  from  a  number  of  streams 
that  rise  in  Upper  Canada,  north  of  Lake  Superior ;  it  I 
is  quite  large,  and  foils  into  James*  Bay  on  the  west  side,  | 
about  lat.  52,  north,  and  long.  81,  west.^ 
.    JRaplar  River,  already  named,  comes  oiib  of  Lake 
'  Wtnnipici.  crosses  into  New- Britain  and  pursues  a  north*  I 
west  course  through  several  small  lakes^oins  theOA  I 
fjakc  River,  which  comes  out  of  Upper  Canada,  a  south 
,co|irs^  through  Cat  Lake  ;  after  these  two  rivers  connect, 
Iwbji^h  is  in  lat.  54,  north,  and  long.  91,  the  stream  is 
^<le)^ge,  andif  called  iS«t;erti  lUuer/ this  river  falU 
into  Hudson  Bay  at  Severf^  House  Factitry fin  lat.  56, 


(    129    ) 

notth^  and  long.  8S,  57,  west.  This  nver  is  800  milei 
I  long.  What  is  remarkableis,  ode  bntnch  of  this  river, 
the  Cat  Lake  and  tnain  branch,  rises  out  of  the  St,  JtK 
IftphLahe, 

Shemahway  River  rises  from  a  small  lake,  runs  an 
east  coarse,  and  falls  into  the  Severn  60  miles  from  its 
mouth  ;  another  river  pours  out  from  the  tvest  side  of 
I  the  lake,  and  falls  into /j^//72sv«r. 

HiUMver  rises  from  Patkopoow  Wiampte  La^<*,  passes 
the  Knee  &  Swampy  Litkes,  and  runs  a  north-east  course 

11  it  empties  into  Hudson  Bay  at  York  Fort,  in  lat.  57,« 
10,  north,  and  long.  95. 

Port  Nebon  River  rises  partly  out  of  Lake  Winnipiic 
and  a  number  of  other  lakes ;  soon  after  this  river  leaves 
the  Split  Lake,  it  crosses  into  New-Britain,  tUns  nearly 
an  east  course  1 10  miles,  and  falls  into  Hudson  Bay  at 
York  Fort  also.  It  is  a  tolerable  river.  Rupert's  and 
Owl  Rivers  succeed  Ghurch>hill  Riven 

Seal  River  and  many  more  run  from  the  west,  ~and 
plunge  into  Hudson  Bay  towards  the  north.     • . 
I    iMkes.'^The  lakes  in  New^  Britain  are  quite  numerous, 
though  not  generally  large.    Tbey  all  abound  with  fish 
Tlnd  animals  of  the  fur  kind. 

Cat  Lake  is  about  -40  miles  in  circumferervce,  nearly 
round ;  it  is  situated  near  the  south-west  cottier  of  New* 
Britain.  One  branch  of  SeVem  River  com«s  through 
this  lake. 

Grose  Lake,   Family  Lake,  Favorable  Ijtke,   Frog 

Lake,  and  Severn  Lake,  are  all  small  lakes,  thtough 

which  the  Severn  River  flows  in  its  course  out  of  Lalte 

Winntpic  to  Hudson  Bay.     Oupalmko  J/tke  W  iihWf 

,  r  .    .     ■'  '»         .■ 

-I  '  \  • 


(    1*6    )  . 

200  miles  in  circuit ;  it  is  situated  n«ar  the  ndddle  of 
New  Btitain.  Knee  Lodce,  already  noted,  and  Swampy 
Lake9Liehm9X\,  through  which  Hill  River  flows. 

Many  more  lakes  are  to  be  found  in  this  extensive 
l«gion,  and  which  are  resorted  to  by  the  wild  geese  for 
the  purpose  of  laying  their  eggsand  hatching  their  gos- 

Harbors — A  description  of  all  the  harbors  belonging 
to  NeW'Britain,  would  fill  a  volume  ;  I,  therefore,  shall 
t^ot  attempt  to  describe  them  all.    No  country  in  the 
i^^worldy  of  the  same  extent,  has  more  water  communica- 
tion thsin  this  ;   it  exhibits  a  sea  and  bay  shore  of  5OO0 
-geographical  miles  9  exclusive  of  the  rivers. 

In  tke  description  of  harbors,  I  will  begin  at  the 
straits  of  EeUisle,  and  proceed  tov^nrds  t^e  north. 

In  the  distance  of  100  miles  from  Bellide  there  are 
^ve  excellent  harbors,  viz.  those  in  St.  Michael's  Bajr, 
Havt'ke  Bay,  and  Cape  Francis  Bay. 
'  Th«  harbor  formed  by  the  bay  of  Hound  Hill  is  very 
safe,  and  la^  in  latitude  54,  north,  and  longitude  55, 
west.  Still  to  the  north  about  10  miles,  is  Table  Bay 
and  Harbor.  Ten  more  is  Sandwich.  Bay  and  Harbor, 
^ hi ch  is  large  and  safe. 

Ivuckok  and  Biron*s  Bayj  succeed  next  in  course;  they 
are  good  harbors. 
Obucktoke  iorms  a  good  harbor,  and  is  in  latitude  56, 
norths  and  longitude  60,  west.    Next  succeeds  Davis' 
Jnlet*-^-  .  '■   ■  •    "'      ''^     •• 

JIain,  is  stiU  tathe  north,  W?th  many  others. 
^m  thee«  are  <>n  the  Atlantic  shore,  and  are  accessi* 
blefvbm  the  ocean. 
^Just  wh«ve  the  line  of  60  degrees  north  latitude^  and 


(    131    ) 

65^  of  west  longitude^  cross  each  other^  we  comci  to 
the  point  of  land  formed  by  the  Atlantic  Ocfian  and  the> 
straits  of  Hudson  Bay.  This  point  is  called  Cape 
Chidley.  When  at  Cape  Chidley,  in  order  to  go  into 
Hudson  Bay,  we  must  turn  to  the  left  hand  and  go 
through  the  straits,  ^  a  due  west  course.  The  straits  at 
length  become  much  narrower,  and  alter  having  sa^jli^; 
300  miles,  we  come  to  Forster's  Harbor,  Aear  Chafled 
Island  i  and  400  miles  iarther,  we  come  to  Cape 
Worstenholm,  in  latitude  62,  30,  north,  and  longitude 
79,  west ;  here  we  turn  to  the  left  again,  or  duly  south  |, 
and  in  50  miles  come  to  Mussuito.  In  latitude  61, 
north,  and  longitude  78,  is  situated  the  excellent  luur* 
bor  called  Thompson's  Harbor. 

In  proceeding  still  down  Hudson^  Bay  to  the  south, 
on  the  east  side  we  come  to  several  good  harbors,  parti- 
cularly Grove's  Sound  and  that  in  the  mouth  of  Great 
Wiiale  River. 

In  coasting  back)  or  towards  the  north,  on  the  west 
side  of  James'  Bay^  we  meet  with  but  one  harbor  in  300 
miles. 

In  latitude  55, 30,  and  longitude  S2,  west,  wecome  to 
Cape  Henrietta  Maria,  to  the  left  hand,  which  is  an  ex- 
tensive point  of  land  at  the  commencement  of  Hudson 
Bay  Here,  in  order  to  coast  the  west  shore  of  the 
bay,  \ve  must  turn  again  short  to  ^he  left,  and  after 
passing  Cape  Look-out,  which  is  30  miles  from  Hen- 
rietta Maria,  and  proceeding  120  miles  farther,  we 
come  to  the  mouth  of  the  Severn  River,  alrt^^i^  noted. 
Still  proceediilg  north«wfs^,  112  miles»  w:^  c'oqiie  to 

Cape  Tatman.    After  passing  this  Cape^  weti|jm  shi^rt 

Ha 


tl  ■,  :^' 


n 


\:\ 


1,11 


•to  the  80uth*west  for  50  miles,  when  we  come  to  the 
mouths  of  Hill  and  NeUon  Rivers.  Proceeding  still 
firther,  nearly  a  north  course,  we  come  in  100  miles  to 
Cape  Church-hilK  We  here  again  turn  duly  west  for 
40  miles,  to  Church-hill  Fort ;  after  passing  this  fort, 
we  turn  to  the  right,  on  a  due  north  course  for  150 
miles,  to  Cape  Esquimeaux  and  Knap*s  Bay.  Still 
^rther,  we  come  to  Navil's  Bay,  which  is  large.  With 
several  islands.  Ten  miles  farther  we  come  to  Corbet 
Inlet ;  and  still  on  is  situated  Rankins'  Inlet,  in  latitude 
63,  north,  and  longitude  92,  west.  Marble  Island  is 
situated  in  the  moilth  of  this  bay  or  inlet. 

Proceeding  a  little  farther,  we  come  to  the  mouth  of 
Baker's  Lake,  which  is  quite  narrow,  and  comes  from 
the  west.     It  is  sometimes  called  Chesterfield  Inlet. 

By  following  the  course  of  the  bay  a  north-eai^t  di- 
rection for  130  miles,  we  come  to  Wager  River,  which 
is  very  large,  coming  from  the  north-west.  The  mouth 
of  this  river  is  obstructed  by  along  island,  yet  it  affords 
a  good  harbor  when  clear  of  ice ;  it  lays  between  lati* 
tude  65  and  66,  nonh,  and  in  longitude  87,  west. 

Fifty  miles  farther  to  the  north  we  come  to  Repulse 
Bay,  which  is  not  large  but  nearly  round — this  is  the 
end  of  Hudson  Bay,  to  the  north,  and  is  in  lat.  62. 
By  turning  back  or  rather  coasting  the  east  shore  of 
this  arm  to  the  south,  we  sail  300  miles  without  finding 
one  harbor.  At  South  Cape  we  turn  short  to  the 
,north-eatt,  and  then  north  again,  for  350  miles,  (sur- 
rounding a  peninsula)  m  all  which  course  no  harbor 
is  id  be  found-^tirning  ag«h  to  the  east,  across  the 
arm  of  the  bay,  aqd  proceeding  a  south-east  course  for 


(    133    ) 


aOO  miles,  lyci  pass  near  Gpd's  Mercy  Island,  on 
the  left;  and  finally  come  out  of  the  bay  through, Uudr 
son,  Forbis^er's  gr  Cumberland  Straits,  all  of  lyhicli 
open  to  the  sea  an  east  course,  and  are  only  divided 
from  each  other  by  narrow  necks  of  land,  vyhich  are 
situated  between  the  60th  and  64th  degrees  of  north  lat. 
and:  between  the  65th  and  70th  degrees  of  west  long, 
from  Greenwich.  .    f 

Tl^e  distance  from  Cape  Chidley,  already  noted,  to 
Cape  Watsingham  ac|(gs  tp^tj^e  niQut|k  of  all  tl^|^ straits^ 
is  just  200  mile^         .  %|^ 

There  are  a  number  of  fine  harbors  on  either  side  or 
all  these  straits,  especially  on  the  north  side  of  Cum- 
berland Straits,  w 

Fis/t.'^The  waters  of  this  country  abound  with  al? 
most  every  kind  of  6sh  that  are  found  in  any  part  jof 
the  world. 

Whales  are  caught  in  great  abundance  in  Davis' 
Straits,  which  divide  New-Britain  from  GreenUnd; 
they  also  are  found  in  Hudson  Straits—neither  do  they 
stop  there,  but  enter  the  bay.  From  these  waters  the 
British  procure  each  year  as  many  as  commonly  fill 
twenty-five  laige  vessels  with  oil. 

Walrus,  or  sea  horses  are  found  hi  this  region ;  par^ 
ticulaiiy  in  and  on  the  shore  of  the  Frozen  Ocean; 
and  sometimes  they  pass  through  the  straits  of  Hudson 
Bay,  and  down  to  Janics'  Bay;  T^ese  creatures  par- 
take very  much  of  the  nature  of  fish,  although  I  have 
named  them  under  the  article  Animals  or  quadrupeds ; 
yet  it  may  not  be  improper,  to  give  some  descripUoji  of 
rtiem  here :. 

.  H  a      - 


'/ii^^t* 


(    134   ; 
thick  lips  covered  .b^ylZL^'  "^  "■""*•  '"J 

-thicks.....  ';ir^^^-'--^^^^^ 

"We-d  of  ears_4ts  neck  i,  ZT'.  ""'  »'«'«» 

'  T^lmjSt.  having  five  toe.  on  each    b!^„  ^^'^ 

*ebb,.  With  «n,n  n.a,  „„  Zt'  Z^  .7"*""^  "' 

J»ad  ;  and  eaci.  ,e,  loosefy  .TiX  "  r  ir  ""  "-^ 
•f.w,n.ming_the  hi„d  leL,^!^     .^    ^' P"'^* 

toil  is  sho«_,he  length  ftl Tw  ""'"  ""  ^yi  "» 
erghteenfeet.  ana  tWeifalTd  ill'r;  "  «*"*'"" 
«*«h  wii,  weigh  ew«typou„d'rh    '•'''•'''>«»-«« 

I  h€se  creatures  are  verv  «•».  ^    r 
-^.-  the,  wi„  attempt "  iJT^i  "^ "•"'-'»  *^ 

tiiey  roar  very  loud  and  Jn    T        ^  '""*"'•  »«"; 
,  outof  .ight.  '        """ '"""""he  bou  ,i„  itgeu 

Numbers  oif  them  are  often  se«>  .i      • 
of  ic..  ™°  »eeu  sleeping  on  an  island 

Brittin.  *^  '"  *"  ^*»c  waters  of  Neir- 


(135    ) 

Indians. — There  are  not  a  great  ittunber  of  Indians  in 
New-  Britain,  considering  the  great  extent  of  ccHintry. 
The  most  of  them  carry  on  a  trade  with  the  Hudson 
Bay  Company,  at  tlreir  different  factories. 

The  Esqumeaui  tribe  live  on  the  sea  coast,  and  are 
taught  by  the  Moravian  missionaries.  The  natives  are 
not  properly  of  the  common  Indian  cast;  but  are  rather 
'Greenla'ndetQ— those  that  are  properly  Indians,  live  in 
the  interior,  and  &re  not  numerous.  The  different  na^ 
tions  of'  Indians  kre  known  by  the  following  names  : 

The  Ne-heth-aU)-a,  tlieAssinneythe  /a//,  the /Suiieir^thv 
Black-feet,  the  Pargaii  and  the  Blood  Inckans. 

Fortifications, — There  are  several  forts  of  considerat)1e 
importance  in  New-Britain,  all  belonging  to  the  Hudson 
Bay  Company, 

Albany  Fort  is  at  th6  mouth  of  Albany  River,  where 
it  falls  into  James'  Bay,  in  lat.  52,  18,  and  long  85, 18, 
west. 

York  Fort  is  situated  at  the  mouths  of  the  Hill  and 
Nelson  Rivers,  in  lat.  ^7, 10,  north,  and  long.  90,  wtot. 

Church-Mil  li  in  lat.  59,  10,  and  long.  94,  30. 

There  are  also  some  forts  on  the  sea  coast. 

Agriculture»'-^'V\i\s  is  very  partially  attended  to  in 
New.Britain ;  at  some  of  the  establishments  made  by  the 
Hudson  Bay  Company,  on  the  mouths  of  the  rivers,  po- 
tatoes and  peas  have  been  raised  ;  as  also  some  vegeta- 
bles. Though  grain  has  never  been  tried,  yet  it  is  quite 
probable  it  would  succeed,  as  far  as  the  latitude  of  55, 
.north. 

No  kind  of  cattle  arcraisedinthe8epartt;ytt  no  doubt 
H  4 


ri  1 


iS 


I 

Bill 


■lit'. 
1,' ' 

I' lit 


s 


•i 


I') 


(    136     ) 

they  would  do  well,  especially  in  the  vallies,  wher^  grass 
is  plenty. 

CommercC'^Thti  is  coniined  to  one  article,  and  is  in 
the  hands  of  a  fe\v|person8,  called  the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany,  and  the  Indians  of  New-Britain. 

The  commerce  or  trade  of  New.Britain  is  carried  on 
in  the  following  manner  : 

In  the  month  of  March  the  Indians  assemble  on  the 
bank  of  a  particular  river  or  lake,  the  nomination  of 
which  has  been  agreed  on  by  common  consent,  before 
they  separated  for  the  winter.  There  they  begin  to  build 
their  Seances,  which  are  generally  completed  soon  after 
the  tee  is  out  of  the  rivers.  They  then  commence  their 
voyage  laden  with  rich  furs.  After  they  have  gone  seve. 
>al  l^undred  miles,  and  are  in  sight  of  the  fort  to  which 
thr<|^  are  bound,  they  discharge  their  fowling  pieces  to 
conhpliment  the  English,  who  in  return,  salute  them  by 
firitig  two  or  three  small  cannon. 

After  they  have  all  landed,  the  chiefs  have  presents 
made  totbem,  and  the  pipe  is  introduced.  During  the 
time  the  leader  or  chief  is  smoking  but  little  is  said ;  but 
after  this  is  over  he  tells  theif  actions — how  many  ca- 
noes have  came — what  Indians  he  has  seen — asks  how 
the  English  do ;  and  says  he  is  glad  to  see  them. 
,  After  this  the  governor  bids  him  welcome,  telling  him 
that  he  has  good  goods  for  him,  and  that  he  loves  the 
Indians  and^will  be  a  friend  to  them. 

At  these  times  all  the  chiefs  are  dressed  very  fme  and 
curious,  at  the  expence  of  the  company.    The  chief, 
after  this,  m^rche^  in  compaoy  with  others,  carrying  an 
ensign,  drunii  and  the  like,  to  his  tent,  which  is  pre* 


(    137     ) 


% 


pared  in  an  uncommon  style  for  his  reception.  Her« 
thje  facltory  servants  bring  bread,  prunes,  tobacco,  ^nd 
plenty  of  brandy,  which  the  Indians  use  freely,  and  in  a 
little  time  they  are  all  intoxicated,  and  give  loose  to  ev»> 
ry  species  of  disorderly  tumult* 

iU!ter  carrying  on  their  frolic  two  or  three  days,  (hey 
begin  to  get  sober,  and  attend  to  a  few  more  ceremoQies. 
relative  to  the  pipe,  which  is  to  cement  their  friendship 
yirith  the  English.  After  which  they  prepare  to  trade 
tbfsir  furs ;  and  the  leader  or  chief  makes  a  speech, 
generally  to  the  following  purport : 

**  You  told  me  last  year  to  bring  many  Indians  to 
trade,  which  I  promised  to  do  You  see  1  have  not  lied  ; 
here  are  a  great  many  young  men  come  with  me ;  use 
them  kindly  I  say ;  let  them  trade  good  goods  ;  let  * 
them  trade  good  goods,  I  say*  We  lived  hard  last  win- 
ter and  hungry,  the  powder  being  shortoneasure  and 
bad,  I  say.  Tell  your  servants  to  fill  the  measure,  and 
not  to  put  their  thumbs  within  the  brim.  Take  pitty 
(^  us  ;  take  pitty  on  us,  I  say !  We  paddled  a  long  way 
lo  see  you ;  we  lot:e  the  English. 

«  Let  us  trade  good  black  tobacco,  moist  and  well 
twisted ;  let  us  see  it  before  it  is  opened.  Take  pitty  on 
us  ;  take  pitty  on  us,  1  say !  The  guns  are  bad;  let  us 
^ade  light  guns,  small  in  the  hand  and  well  shaped, 
with  locks  that  will  not  freezjB  in  the  winter,  and  red 
gunf  cases.  Let  the  young  men  have  more  than  measure 

*  Some  of  the  English  writers  sttaeb  muoh  bkune  to  tke  Iludiok  Bty 
Company  for  tliit  usage,  and  my  that  tliey  make  the  Indians  delink  Hk 
thvat  tbvm.   1  koow  no(  whctlter  this  charge  ii  tfue  or  nut. 


I 


•v 

"i 

m 


(    138    ) 


m 


s. 


of  tobacco ;  cheap  kettles^  good  and  high..  Giv^  ^ 
good  measure  of  cloth  ;  let  us  see  Che  old  ineasure-^Do 
you  mind  me  ?  The  young  men  prove  they  love  you, 
by  coming  so  far  to  see  you. .  Take  pitty,  1  say  |  and 
give  them  good  goods ;  they  like  to  dress  and  be  finfi. 
Do  you  understand  me  ?*' 

After  this  speech  is  ended,  the  Indians  proceed  to 
look  at  the  good?,  and  make  the  best  bargain  they  can, 
^hich  no  doubt  is  bad  enough  on  their  side. 

There  are  eight  trading  establishments  belonging  to 
the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  in  New-Britain.  That  of 
Cinnroh^hiU  is.  in  latitude  59,  north,  and  94, 50,  west* 
It  bas^^ts  setvicea  ship  of  250  and  a  sloop  of  70  tons, 
md  tweniy-iive  servants.  Formerly  i(  received  10,000 
skins  on  an  average  each  year. 

York  Fort  lays  in  57  degrees  north,  and  93  west. 
It  has  in  its  service  a  ship  and  a  sloop,  and  one  hundred 
servants,  and  receives  25,000  skins.  Seven  houses  are 
in  connection  with  this  fort. 

Albany  Fort,  at  the  mouth  of  Albany  River,  where 
it  falls  into  James'  Bay,  has  fifty  spjri^nia,  and^^taji^fs 
6000  skins.  . 

/Inhere  are  two  more  factories  not  far  distant,  that  will- 
be  noticed  in  the  description  of  Lower  Canada. 

Although  it  is  certain  that  the  Hudson  Pay  Conipa- 
ny  have  carried  on  tbe  tjrade  of  New-Britain  in  an  indo- 
lent manner,  yet  tliey  haye  generally  evei7  year  ship- 
ped to  {England,  iitrs  to  the  amount  of^^30,000  sterling. 
Th«  charter  jwhich  inures, to  the  Company  all  the 
lands  of  New-Britain,  was  granted  in  1670. 

Settlements, — There  is  but  a  very  small  part  of  this 
country  settled  as  yet*      ^ 


(     139    i 


On  the  bay  of  Nain  or  Nisbite^  already  noted,  in  lat, 
56,  north,  and  long.  61,  west,  there  is  a  small  settle- 
ment formed  by  the  Moravian  Missionaries  who  canve 
there  at  the  desire  of  the  United  Brethren  from  Green- 
land to  convert  the  Esquimeauxs.  This  settlement  is  on 
the  shore  of  the  Atlantic. 

Small  settlements  are  made  at  Church-hill  Factory, 
York  Fort,  Severn  and  Hudson  House  already  noted. 

Bearing!  and  distances  of  JPtoce*.— 'The  Moravian  set- 
tlement already  noted,  is  situated  just  700  miles,  a  due 
aorth-east  course  from  Quebeck. 

The  south  end  of  James*  Bay,  is  420  miles,  a  due 
Qoth-west  course  from  Quebeck. 

From  Moose  Fort,  at  the  end  of  James'  Bay,  it  is 
C20  miles  to  Chuch-hill  Foit,  already  noted,  a  due 
north-west  course. 

From  York,  in  Upper  Canada,  to  the  same  fort,  it  is 
1100  miles,  a  due  north  north-west  coui-se. 

From  Yoik  to  James'   Bay,  it  is  470  miles,  north 

course.  ' 

From  Albany  Fort,  to  Severn-house,  u  300  miled, 

and  460  to  York  Fort,  a  north-west  course. 

The  most  north-easterly  port  of  Lake  Superior  is 
within  220  miles  of  the  south-west  part  of  James*  Bay ; 
and  the  large  Moose  River  rolls  within  20  miles  of  the 
lake,  though  there  is  a  small  mountain  between.  ^  ^ 

Religion, — What  few  white  people  there  are  in 'New- 
Britain,  are  of  the  Episcopal  church  of  England,  ex- 
cept those  of  the  Missionary  Society,  already  noted. 
In  speaking,  therefore,  on  this  subject,  we  are  led  to 
describe  the  religion  of  the  lndiai>s,. 


>■( 


!^\i 


t;i 


(    140    ) 

trmtust  be  here  li'dted,  that  the  religion  of  in  Ittdiait 
is  nothing  more  than  a  behef ;  nor  doed  this  belief  enter 
into  his  conduet  in  the  least  so  ns  to  make  him  better-, 
what  ever  good  qtialities  he  may  have,  appear  to  be 
natural. 

The  Indians  of  New-Britain  believe  in  two  invisible 
and  powerful  beings,  in  whose  hands  is  the  fate  of  mor* 
tals — one  of  these  they  represent  as  being  v  :'ry  good, 
and  not  at  all  disposed  to  hurt  any  one ;  to  him  they 
someiimes  sing.  They  call  hini  Kitcheman,  or  the 
gveai  chief. 

.  The  evil  being  whom  they  call  Whititi-co,  they  sup 
{iose  to  be  the  cause  of  all  the  evil  that  happens  to 
them--- him  they  fSear  and  hate;  nevertheless  they  noVv 
ain^  then  afford  him  a  song  to  keep  him  in  a  good  humor, 
*ipel  sometimes  they  get  very  angry  with  him,  and  shut 
in  the  air  to  try  to  kill  him — at  times  they  think  they 
see  his  track  in  the  snow. 

/fr.tor-y. — The  discovery  of  New-Britain  and  other 
northern  countiies,  was  owing  to  a  project  started  in 
England  for  the  discovery  of  a  northwest  passage 
around  the  north  end  of  America  to  CMna  and  the  Eaut 
Jjidie.t  as  early  as  1565.. 

S'nce  then  it  has  been  frequently  dropped  and  as 
often- revived,  but  never  completed;  and  from  the  late 
vo^^agls  o(  discovery,  it  seems  probable  that  no  practi. 
nible  ^a^age  ciil  be  founds  on  account  of  the  ice  of  the 
INbrthse*. 

K&rbester  disc<yv«red  the  main  of  New-Britain,  and 
thofftf  !tt.raits  fo  Which  he  gave  his  name.  In  the  year 
|5d5  John  Davis  sailed  from  Portsmouth, and  penetrat 


(    HI    ) 


XI,  and  shut 


ed  ^lil  fiirther  north.  Captain  Hudson  made  threp 
voyages  on  the  same  adventure,  the  firstin  the  year  \6Q7f 
thesocond  in  1608,  and  his  third  and  last  in  1610,. 
This  bold  navigator  entered  the  straits  known  by  his 
name,  coasted  a  great  part  of  it,  and  penetrated  to  80 
degrtes  and  a  half  into  the  Frozen  sea.  Here  he  staid 
one  winter,  and  in  the  spring  o(  1611  prepared  to  pursue 
his  discoveries ;  but  the  most  of  his  crew  mutinied,  and 
seizing  on  him  and  seven  of  his  ^ithful  followers,  com? 
xnitted  them  to  the  fury  of  the  icy  sea  in  an  open  boat. 
The  ship  then  returned  home.  After  that  time  other 
attempts  were  made  without  success. 

In  1670,  a  charter  was  granted  from  the  crown  d 
Great  Britain,  to  a  few  persons,  for  all  the  country  round 
Hudson  Bay.  And  under  the  direction  of  this  compa- 
ny, a  Mr.  Hearne  was  appointed  to  penetrate  from 
Church-hill  Fort  to  the  Frozen  sea,  by  land;  after  an 
absence  of  18  months,  he  returned  from  the  borders  of 
the  sea,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Copper  Mine  Eiver,  in  lat.  72, 
north,  and  long.  119,  west  from  Greenwich. 

To  Mr.  Hearne's  Journal  and  Map  we  are  indebted 
for  many  valuable  discoveries. 

This  Mr.  Hearne  was  afterwards  made  governor  of 
New-Britain,  as  a  reward  for  his  services,  in  wMch 
station  he  acquitted  himself  with  fidelity  and  honor. 

Perhaps  no  country  in  the  world  has  produced  so 
many  enterprising  men  as  England,  particularly  in  the 
project  of  navigation  and  discoveries.  A  considerable 
part  oi  the  globe  has  been  discovered  by  the  English, 
but  particularly  the  numerous  islands  hi  the  diftecfnt 
seas  and  oceans.  .. 


t|i: 


C  wa  ) 

These  discoveries  have  been,  and  now  are  very  benefi- 
cial to  England;  and  1  ipay  say  to  other  nations  also: 
which  shews  that  such  an  opportunity  should^  if  possi- 
ble, be  afforded  b^  every  g|(>vem|qteiit  to  the  community; 
not  only  so,  but  it  should  be  encouraged  by  opening  an 
«tten8|vecommct^e  with  «U  the  world* 


'.  '^wl^- 


-^f 


?  -i 


>* 


DESCRIPTION 


>  .s*. 


OF 


$^w^t  ^4n4H* 


■,  r- 


This  province  lays  on  both  sides  of  the  ri?er  S^ 
Lawrence,  between  45  and  52  degrees  of  nokth.latitu4ey 
and  61  and  80  degrees  we^t  longitude  from  Greenwich. 

Situation  and  Extent, — ^Lower  Canada  is  bounded 
north,  by  New.Britain;  east,  by  the  gulph  of  St.  Law- 
rence; sou^.h.east,  by  New-Brunswick,  the  District  qi 
Maine,  and  New-Hampshire ;  south,  by  Vermont,  and 
75  miles  of  the  Static  of  New-York,  viz.  from  Lake 
Champlain  to  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Regis  River,  where 
it  empties  into  the  St.  Lawrence;  and  west,  by  Upper 
Canada.  ^ 

It  is  6S5  miles  long,  on  the  north  line;  440  br^^in 
the  middle,  to  measure  from  the  corner  of  the  tVMo^<pK>. 
vinces,  at  Lake  St.  Francisi  but  it  tapers  at  bot|| 
especially  the  north«east ;  its  li^ngth  on  the  SQuthl 
about  900  miles.  The  line  that  diiades  this  ft-om  the 
tf  per  province  begins  at  the  north  side  of  Lake  St. 


,-?>'■' 


il 


m 


I;.'  ! 


■•^. 


0     144     ) 

Francis,  already  noted,  in  lat.  45,  andlohg.  69 ;  itthjin 
pursues  nearly  a  north  course,  about  20  miles,  to  the 
Ottawas  River,  which  comes  from  the  north.west  and 
falls  into  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Montreal ;  it  then  ascends 
that  river  to  long.  80,  west,  near  Lake  Tomis  Cantms;; 
it  then  pursues  a  due  north  course  to  ChaHton  island, 
about  the  middle  of  the  south  ^nd  of  James'  Bay,  where 
it  intersects  the  north  line  and  makes  a  comer,  in  noitl) 
Ut.  52,  and  west  long.  80. 

Surface.— 'There  ar^  some  considerable  mountains 
in  this  province,  and  many  high  hills,  which  are  rough 
and  stony  ;  nevertheless  it  contains  a  large  portion  of 
level  and  smooth  land,  particularly  on  and  near  the  St, 
Lawrence,  and  other  large  rivers.  A  considerable  pait 
of  this  province  is  rocky  and  stony. 

Liiifestone  is  found  in  great  plenty  in  most  places  of 
tnisprWince. 

There  are  a  number  of  shallow  ponds  of  water  in  the 
north-part,  which  abound  with  animals  of  the  fur  kind. 
A  great  part  of  these  waters  dry  up  in  the  summer,  by 
whicli  means  there  arises  an  unwholesome  etiluvia. 
Many  of  these  ponds  might  be  drained  with  very  little 
labor,  and  then  th^  would  make  the  best  of  meadow 
ground. 

4$tdi/.— Perhaps  no  country  in  the  world  affords  such 
» variety  of  soil.    Here  the  traveller  maybe  delighted 
l,any  days^^'in  passing  ovor  a  rich  and  prolific  soil; 
ig  vegetittton  in  its  most  luxuriant  growth,  and 
ia^  lan(&capes,  inbproved  by  industry  and  art; 
ij^  all  at  on^,  he  fiiids  himsdf  in  the  midst  of  a 


(    U5    ) 

a  desert  and  barren  land,  full  ofswamps,  briars^  li^orns. 
hills,  mountains,  and  craggy  rocks. 

On  all  th.e  low  banks  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  soil  is 
good,  and  on  many  of- the  low  grounds  of  other  large 
livers.  Some  of  the  vallies,  not  on  rivers,  afford  excel- 
lent lap;d.  The  soil  on  the  rivers  is  generally  a  black 
jnould,  mixed  with  a  small  portion  of  sand ;  that  on 
the  higher  ground,  is  chiefly  sand  and  some  blue  clay  ; 
that  on  the  high  hills  and  mountains,  is  clay  and  gravel. 

Climate. — ^The  cliipate  in  this  province  is  not  plea- 
sant. The  snow  faUs  nearly  every-other  day,  and  is 
generally  four  «r  five  feet  deep  the  whole  of  the  winter. 
Some  writers  relate,  that  the  mercury  in  the  thermome^- 
tijer  has  been  known  to  freeze  at  Quebec  ;  and  rise  to  9$ 
degrees  in  the  summer.  The  winter  begins  with  sever- 
ity about  the  first  of  November,  and  continues  1^1  the 
last  of  April,  when  it  suddenly  breaks  up,  and  v^^tioni 
grows  with  rapidity. 

Altho  Jgh  the  climate  is  so  severe,  yet  the  inhabitants 
are  very  healthy,  and  uncommonly  robust  and  strongs 
1  have  seen  men  bom  in  this  province,  that  appeared  ^o 
be  as  strong  and  active  at  sixty  years  of  age,  as  those 
born  in  the  southern  states  are  at  thirty.  They  live  to  a 
great  a^e.  Both  men  and  women  cover  themselves, 
in  winter,  entirely  with  fur. 

To  attribute  the  predominace  of  cold  in  Lower  Caiiap 

da  and  the  other  British  dominions  in  the  north,  to^ 

multiplicity  of  rivers  and  lakes,  appears  ^o  be  ^n  hypOf 

thesis  not  altogether  correct ;   but  is  rather  to  be  a^tr^ 

buted  to  the  imipense  and  desert  regiops  wliich  stretdii 

towards  the  nortti. 

I 


'i  I 


■=i 


'  IK 


5! 


11 


(  ;i^   ) 


The  snow  seldom  falls  in  any  quantity  in  those,  parts, 
unless  when  the  wind  blows  from  the  north-east,  which  | 
is  the  quarter  of  the  mountains  ofice. 

In  passing  over  the  unfrozen  parts  of  the  North  Sea, 
the  current  of  cold  air  drives  before  it  the  vapors  emitted 
from  thence,  which  become  immediately  converted 
into  snow.  While  the  wind  <;ontinues  in  that  direc- 
tion, and  while  snow  is  falling,  the  degree  of  cold  is 
diminished  ;  but  no  sooner  does  it  change  its  position 
to  the  north-weRt,  than  the  cold  is  much  augmented. 
The  elevation  of  the  earth  is  not  the  least  important 
causje  of  the  subtilty  of  the  air  in  this  part  of  Ame4'ica, 
as  the  re^o^  to  the  north  extends  nearly  to  the  pole, 
The  vasC  <^hd  immeasurable  forests,  which  over-spread 
the  face  of  the  British  possessions  in  the  north,  essen- 
tially contribute  to  the  dominion  of  cold.  1  he  leaves 
and  %ajiches  of  the  trees  are  thickly  interwoven  with 
each  other  ;  and  the  suiface  of  the  ground,  particular- 
ly the  northern  parts,  is  covered  with  shrubs,  bram* 
bles,  and  the  more  rank  productions  of  vegetation. 
Into  these  gloomy  recesses  the  rays  of  the  sun  can  with 
difficulty  penetrate ;  and  can  visit  them  but  during  a 
transient  portion  of  a  long  summer  day. 

The  earth  overshaded  during  the  prevalence  of 
heat,  and  covered  by  snow  in  the  winter,  can  emit  but 
a  small  degree  of  warmth,  to  temper  the  piercing  winds. 
The  winds,  therefore,  in  passing  over  these  foresU, 
can  undergo  but  little  alteration  in  their  temperature. 
The  snows  are  then  retained  in  the  spring,  to  a  much 
later  period  than  on  the  cleared  ground,  and  tend  to 
the  prolong^ution  of  cold* 


.S2. 


(    1*7    ) 

The  clearing  and  cultivation  of  ground  have  much 
contributed  to  the  amelioration  of  the  climate  of  Lower 
Canada  in  particular.  Certain  it  is,  however,  that  the 
winters  in  the  vicinity  of  Quebec,  have  remitted  several 
degrees  of  their  former  severity. 

An  rhtelligent  priest,  in  the  island  of  Orleans,  kept 
for  fifty  years  a  correct  meteorological  table,  and  his 
successors  continued  it  for  eight  years  longer :  The 
result  of  their  observations  tended  to  prove,  that  the 
medium  of  cold  in  winter,  had  diminished  eight  degrees 
within  that  period. 

The  ice  on  the  rivers  and  lakes  of  Lower  Canada, 
generally  acquires  a  thickness  of  two  feet,  jM^dJ^^capa- 
ble  of  supporting  any  weight ;  that  on  the  borders  of 
the  St.  Lawrence,  sometimes  exceeds  six  feet. 

The  snow  in  this  province  is  very  solid,  and  after  it 
falls  on  the  ground  is  quite  condense.  I'his  is  the  reason 
that  people  can  travel  better  here  on  snow-shoes,  than 
in  more  southern  countries. 

As  has  been  already  noted,  the  inhabitants  are  quite 
healthy,  notwithstanding  the  severity  of  the  climate, 
particularly  some  distance  from  the  sea,  where  the  air  is 
much  dryer,  which,  by  contracting  the  pores  of  the 
skin,  seems  in  some  degree  to  present  a  remedy  for  its 
own  intenseness,  and  to  «*ounteract  those  impressions, 
of  which  the  human  frame  would  otherwise  become 
more  susceptible. 

Natural  Productions, -^hovftv  Canada  produces  a 
great  variety  of  herbs,  trees  and  fruit,  without  the  aid  of 
man. 

There  are  two  sorts  of  pine  in  this  province,  the  white 


R'i'<l 


.  (     1«     ) 

and  the  red,  whi^h  are  excellefit  for  the  Sm^  Indies; 
four  sorts  of  firs,  some  of  whi^ch  art  quite  medicinal; 
two  sorts  of  cedar;  the  reel  and  white  oak  ;  the  male 
And  female  maple^  from  which  the  inhabitants,  partico- 
larly  the  Indians,  make  excellent  sugar.  There  are 
three  6oTts  of  ash  trees,  the  free,  the  inungrel  and  the 
bastard ;  three  sorts  of  walnut  trees,  the  hard,  or  what 
we  call  black,  the  soft,  andjthe  smooth.  There  are  aho 
Several  sorts  of  white-wood,  particularly  holly,  of  an 
excellent  kind  ;  beach,  red  and  white  elms,  and  poplars. 
There  are  many  more  kinds  of  timber  in  Lower  Cana^ 
da,  all  of  which  are  small,  except  that  which  grows  on 
the  low  grounds. 

.  in  eveiy  part  of  the  province  there  are  plenty  of  ever- 
greens >.;  such  as  hemlock,  firs,  cedar,  holly,  and  lau- 
rel, with  others.  Many  of  these  ever- greens  are  loaded 
with  an  abundance  of  moss,  which  has  a  romantic  ap* 
pearanoe ;  but  affords  fine  shelter  for  the  wild  beasts  and 
fowls  in  the  winter  season.  Here  the  traveller  may  find 
large  spots  of  ground,  under  natural  roo^,  covered  with 
dry  leaves,  while  the  snoW  is  five  feet  on  the  surround- 
ing  parts.  This  circumstance  appears  povidential,  and 
is  eminently  beneficial  to  the  Indians  and  animals  of  this 
cold  region.  To  the8»  places  the  Indians  resort  in  the 
tenter,  on  purpose  to  hunk ;  here,  screened  from  the 
piercing  wind,  they  can  lay  down  on  the  dry  leaves  by 
their  fire,t«id  feel  as*  comfortable  as  the  rich  farmer  or 
merchant,,  in  his  warm  house.  No  one  who  has  never 
Ucn  al  UMto  pkcai,  em  ferm  an>  correct  idea  of  tha 
great '^^brence^  tht  wiaUier  in  these  solitary  retreats. 
As  i£>HcMwr0nintended  to  accoaamodate  the  poor  savages, 


Bfttt  Indies; 
A  medicinal* 
k;   the  male 
ants,  paiticu- 
There  are 
tgrel  and  the 
ard,  or  what 
here  are  also 
holly,  of  an 
and  poplars, 
jower  Cana. 
ch  grows  on 

enty  of  ever- 

Uy,  andlau. 

s  are  loaded 

omantic  ap* 

d  beasts  and 

er  may  find 

)vered  with 

surround* 

ential,  and 

lab  of  this 

sort  in  the 

I  from  the 

leaves  by 

fanner  or 

Its  never 

ieaof  th« 

retread. 

savages, 


■-»i 


•*« 


( 


4.-» 

149 


) 


that  Jhave  np  arts  of  civilization,  the  beasts  of  the  woo^ 
are  led  to  frequent  these  places  also ;  here  they  come 
and  stay  for  the  beneiit  of  the  shelter,  and  for  food, 
which  is  found  in  the  leaves  of  some  of  the  ever-greens, 
ahready  noted ;  and  in  others  somewhat  resembling  the 
cane  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee*  Under  these  evei^ 
greens  are  found  dry  berries,  not  fell  from  the  shrubs, 
which  the  Indian  loves. 

This  province  affords  a  great  variety  and  abundance 
of  wild  fruit,  some  of  which  are  quite  serviceable,  par- 
ticularly the  cralHipple,  potatoe,  onion,  and  cranberry* 

No  person  unacquainted  with  this  country,  can  ima- 
gine how  beautiful,  and  richly  coyered  it  in,  a]|  oveA* 
with  fine  grass  ;  rvc;^  red  clover  is  found  here»  in  all 
the  woods  and  hills,  .  i  mgh  some  hundreds  of  miles 
from  any  farm. 

Mines, — There  are  not  many  valuable  mines  yet  found 
in  this  provice. 

Near  Quebec  there  is  an  excellent  lead  mine,  and 
many  valu(^ble  ones  of  iron  have  been  discovered  in 
different  parts.  Some  silver  has  been  found  in  the 
mountains — several  bodies  of  plaister  of  Paris  are  found 
in  this  province ;  as  also  some  of  coal,  which  burns 
well — some  of  allum,  copperas,  and  clays,  that  paint 
quite  well. 

On  the  hanks  of  th«  Three  Rivers,  50  mites  from  Qaci 
beck,  and  8  miles  from  its  mouth,  these  is  an  acellent 
mine  of  iron  ore.  It  lies  in  hons^ntal  ttnUa  near  the  auf^ 
jface.  It  is  composed  of  mtsset  easily  detachcdfrDin  each 
othtr^  perfQrfttody  and  the^plfs  filled  with  ochre.  It  pos. 

it 


\-l 


1^ 


*  t 


(    150    ) 

sesscs  softness  andfnabifity;  andtor  prdniotingits  fusion 
a  grey  limestone,  found  in  its  vicinity  is  used.  The 
hammered  iron  is  soft,  pliable,  and  tenacious;  and  has 
the  quality  of  being  but  little  subject  to  rust. 

Minerah,*-A  number  of  salt  springs  are  ^o  be  found 
in  this  province,  though  the  quantity  of  salt  made  from 
them  is  small.  Some  sulphureous  and  other  medicinal 
waters  are  to  be  found  here  also. 

Animals* — There  are  not  a  great  variety,  nor  a  great 
number  of  these  in  Lower  Canada.  Those  animals 
of  the  fur  kind  are  the  most  numerous.  Deer  and  bear 
are  also  tolerable  plenty.  Some  elks  and  buflfalos  are 
also  found  here. 

Lakes — The  lakes  of  Lower  Canada  are  numerous, 
though  not  large.  In  the  description  of  them  we  shall 
begin  in  the  east  part  of  the  province  and  proceed 
towards  the  west.  It  must  be  here  noted  that  there  are 
a  number  of  lakes  in  this  province  which  as  yet  have 
no  name. 

The  first  lake  of  note,  and  considerable  size,  is  that 
of  Black  River,  from  which  the  river  has  its  source. 
1*his  lak«  lays  in  north  lat.  51,  and  west  long.  66,  48, 
ai^d  is  about  100  miles  in  circuit,  of  considerable  depth. 
This  river  on  its  way  to  4ihe  St.  Lawrence  passes 
through  several  small  lakes. 

Mj^  Like  lays  about  100  miles  to  the  west  of  the 
former;  it  is  small  and  is  the  soiirce  of  Bustard  Biver, 
wWth  empties  into  th»  8t,  Lawre^cc  and  passes  through 
silrsral  lakes  .lilso;  $r^  number  of  lakes  are  to  be 
found  in  every  difvctioo  from  this  ]ak«. 

Lake  St  John  is  situated  about  100  miles  north  of 


(  »51  I 


•ting  its  fusion 
used.  The 
o«s;  andhiu 

It. 

'  ^o  be  found 
t  made  from 
ir  medicinal 

nor  a  great 
ose  animals 
SI'  and  bear 
buffalos  are 

numerous, 
n  we  shall 
'd  proceed 
t  there  are 
yet  have 

e,  is  that 

s  source. 

.  66,  48, 

►le  depth. 

passes 

»l  of  the 
i  River  t 
hrough 
e  to  be 

orth  q: 


(Quebec ;  it  is  about  90  miles  in  circuit.   This  lake  is  the 
source  of  th^  river  J^gu^fiay, 

Another  con^^rablf  lake^is  found  100  miles  to  the 
north.west,  near  the  great  chain  of  mountains.  It  is  the 
source  of  the  Pwksaaganm  Riper.  ' 

Abbiiibb  Lake  is  situated  in  lat.  49,  and  long.  79,.,  It,. 
is  the  source  of  a  large  river  of  the  same  name,  Whiclt^ 
runs  into  the  south  end  of  Janres'  Bav.    It  is   190  miles 
in  circuit,  tolerable  shallow,  abounding  with  small  isL 
ands.    In  the  vicinity  of  this  lake  there  are  several  morev 
of  less  note. 

A  number  of  lakes  are  seen  in  the  course  and  expan- 
sion of  the  Ottawas  River. 

Lake  MiMissiny  is  situated  north  of  Quebec  about  950 
miles.  It  is  about  300  miles  in  circuit,  though  a  num- 
ber of  points  of  land  extend  a  good  distance  into  it  from 
every  direction.  It  is  the  source  of  RuferCs  River, 
which  passes  through  some  small  lakes  on  its  way  to 
James'  Bay,  a  north-east  couree. 

Lake  St,  Charles  is  situated  north  of  Quebec,  and 
receives  and  discharges  the  river  St.  Charles.  It  is  about 
5  miles  long. 

Lake  Megantic  lays  south  from  Quebec  about  90  miles, 
and  is  the  source  of  the  river  Chaudiere» 

Lake  Cahiere  is  but  small,  situated  a  few  miles  above 
Quebec. 

Lake  St.  Pcler  is  formed  by  thp  expansion  of  thjj  St. 
liawrcnce  to  the  breadth  of  20  miles.  It  is  112  miles 
from  Quebec. 

The  Lake  of  the  Two  Mms^itmts  undj^  the  ^ake  of  St, 

Loub  are  In  the  vicinity  of  Montreal;  the  latter  is  formed 
13 


i 


-.-• rrrv  fv— <-" 


r  S^.^B' 

:^^^H    i' 

in 

I 

i'H 

^^■i      i 

,,  H^B 

m 

i  ^B^^l 

H 

-  (152  .J  .        • 

by  the  junction  of  the  OttawasT  ^ifeh  tbfe  St.  Lawience, 
TheLake  of  the  Two  MoQiits^H^^  ej^'ns^^  of  the 
Ottawas,  ten  miles  above  its  ^iouthj  tM  is  20  miles  lout; 
and  3  broad. 

Lake  St.  Francis  is  3.0  miles  above  Montreal,  and  is 
4n  expansion  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  On  the  middle  of 
the  north  shore  is  the  line  between  the  two  provinces. 

Rivers. — -The  rivers  of  Lower  Caiiada  are  very  nu- 
merous, and  chiefly  run  intio  the  St.  Lawrence.  The 
most  of  them  come  from  the  noith,  and  afford  many  ro- 
mantic falls. 

In  the  descriplnon  of  rivers  if  shall  begin  in  the  east 
part  of  the  province,  and  progress  to^'ards  the  west. 

in  sailing  up  the  gulph  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  first 
river  of  note  which  is  seen  is  the  Moisie  River ;  about 
40  miles  farther  up  we  come  to  Chunepanpestick  River; 
in  40  more  we  come  to  Machigatiou  River;  and  in  40 
more  we  come  to  Black  River ^  already  noted.  This  rivor 
is  300  miles  long  and  quite  large ;  it  falla  into  the  St« 
Lawrence  some  distance  above  the  gulph. 

The  next  in  course  is  Bustard  River ^  about  ten  mil^s 
farthei  up.  This  is  one  of  the  longest  rivers  of  Lower 
Canada.  It  takes  its  rise  in  the  Middle  Lake,  already 
noted,  and  after  running  a  course  of  at  least  400  miles, 
and  passing  through  several  lakes,  plunges  into  the  St. 
Lawrence,  in  lat.  48, 50,  north. 

BUsaimites  River  appears  next  in  sailing  up  the  St. 
Lawrence.  It  is  large,  of  considerable  length,  and  pa9se<t 
through  several  lakes.    :  %#J 

JPortntu  is  a  riVer  of  sti^V  length,  coming  from  t\v4>: 


Lawrence. 

ision  of  the 

miles  loii"- 

eal,  and  is 
i  middle  of 
•evinces, 
e  very  nu- 
mce.  The 
I  many  ro- 

in  the  easC 
le  west, 
e,  the  first 
)er;  aboul 
ck  River; 
and  in  40 
his  river 

0  the  Sf, 

1  ten  m\]^» 
>f  Lower 

|,  already 
10  miles, 

the  St. 

the  St. 
passes 


■  I  iuii|Mi>)iim»  I  .11  II 


(    153     ) 

small  lakes«    U  ei|ipU«»i|i|la  the  St  Lawrence  50  miles 
above.  •        ■   j 

Pepe  C/ui9dmg0i  ^ver  suceeedd  in  course,  and  falls 
into  the  St.  Lawrence  20  miles  above  Portnus. 

In  sailing  up  the  St.  Lawrence  several  small  stre&nii 
are  seen,  at  length  we  come  to  St.  James'  River,  and  a 
little  distance  above  we  come  to  the  river  SagtUnay, 
which  rises  out  of  Lake  St.  John,  already  noted,  which 
lake  is  the  repository  of  fOvir  considerable  riva*s,  with 
their  numerous  branches — vi;^.  those  oi  the Picksuagamis, 
C/iissouematan,  Sable,  and  Periboaca.  In  its  course  the 
Saguenay  receives  the  illitftt^fni^s  and  several  more  of 
considerable  size,  ader  which  it  falls  into  the  St.  Law- 
rence 150  miles  below  Quebec,  from  nearly  a  west  di- 
rciction.  l^is  river  is  1 50  miles  in  length  from  the  lake, 
and  sweeps  along  a  prodigious  body  of  water.  It  is  in^ 
terrupted  in  its  course  by  abrupt  precipices,  over  which 
it  dashes  its  foaming  current;  and  being  bounded  by 
banks  of  great  elevation,  is  remarkable  for  the  depth 
and  impetuosity  of  its  flood,  which  i^  sensibly  felt  in  the 
St.  Lawrence,  w  hose  water  is  obliged  to  yield  to  its  im. 
pulse  for  a  distance  of  Several  miles.  Large  vessels,  ap- 
parently goi:ig  their  course,  have  thereby  been  carried 
sidelong  in  a  different  direction. 

This  river  is  generally  three  miles  wide,  except  at  its 
mouth,  where  it  is  only  ofie,  at  which  place  five  hundred 
fathoms  of  line  have  been  let  d/^im  without  finding  any 
bottom.  Two  miles  up,  it  itji^  hundred  and  thirty- 
eight  &thoms;  and  at  bixtji^lplSts  it  it  tixtjr  fathoms 
deep. 

Albany  River  succeeds  next  in  course,  which  rises  in 

I  1. 


( 


151 


a  smal  lake  about  60  mileinort^&oin  j^he  St.  Law- 
rence,  and  flows  through  th6  fertile,va|ley  of  Mal-bay. 
This  river  abounds  wRh  salmon  anil  other  excelient  fish. 

The  next  in  course  are  the  St,  Ann,  the  Oueile,  and 
the  ^Sr.  T/<oma)— -the  latter  falls  into  the  St.  JLawrcnce 
over  a  perpendicular  rpck  25  feet. 

Montmorentfji  is  the  next  considerable  river,  and  which 
is  ih  the  vicinity  of  Quebec.  It  falls  into  the  St.  Law- 
rence 8  miles  below  Quebec^  over  a  precipice  of  1^46 
feet. 

St.  C/iarles  falls  into  the  same,  close  by  Quebec,  .and 
is  of  considerable  size. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  gulph  and  river  St.  Lawrence 
there  are  a  number  of  streams  which  fall  into  it,  whjch 
take  their  rise  in  New-Brunswick,  New- Hampshire  and 
Vermont     .;^ 

Bnt  (!li»|ft$^gest  is  the  Chau<Uere  River,  This  river  rises 
out  of  XaAre  MegantiCt  already  noted,  and  flowing  a  north 
course  130  miles,  falls  into  the  St.  Lawrence  about  8 
miles  above  Quebec.  Ships  sail  up  this  river  some  dis- 
tance.   . 

On  the  same  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  'but  a  littjc 
higher  up,  falls  in  the  river  St.  Nichokfi, — Jacques  Cartier, 
a  river  of  considerable  size,  falls  into  the  St.  Lawrence 
about  30  miles  above  Quebec.  The  stream  of  this,  like 
all  the  rivers  in  Lower  Canada^  is  frequently  broken  into 
cascades  affording  pictuiesque  scenery. 

The  Si.  Ann9SiA  Df^j^rs,  are  streams  of  sqmenotc 
which  fall  into  the  St.  {ij^cence,  from  the  north. 

Sattiaean  /^tverkiieccedi  next  in  course,  and  flows  from 
the  north  into  the  St.  Lawrei^ce.  • 


{    155    ) 

Three  RiverSt  othevyvise  cdiWed  St.  Maurice,  faWfi  inth 
the  Sjt.  Lawrence,  from  the  north,  50  miles  above  Q^^* 
bee,  by  thtee  mouths.  It  is  300  miles  long,  and  lausih 
navigated  by  the  Iridiaiis  from  the  vicinity  of  Hudson 
Bay.  The  tide  of  the  St.  Lawrence  flows  no  higher  than 
the  mouth  of  this  river. 

Macfache  Du-Lowp  and  Masquenonge  are  small  ripe^  ' 
which  How  from  the  north  into  Lake  St.  Peter,  in   the 
St.  Lawrence. 

Nicolit  niiA  St,  Francis,  fdiW  into  the  same  lake  from 
the  south.  The  latter  is  a  river  of  considerable  size  and 
length,  taking  its  rise  in  the  state  of  Vermont,  out  of 
some  small  lakes. 

Sorelor  ChaTnbly  River  is  the  out-let  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain.    It  runs  a  north-past  course  about  100  miles,  and>^  ^ 
falls  into  the  St.  Lawrence  at  the  Lake  of  St.  Peteri  al- 
ready  noted.    It  is  interrupted  in  its  course  t|r^|Up,<!nj[fr 
which,  however, rafts  pajs, 

St,  Regis  River  rises  in  the  state  of  New- York,  ar  d 
falls  into  the  upper  end  of  Lake  St.Francis,  in  latitude  45 
degrees.  This  is  the  last  river  of  Lower  Canada  which 
runs  into  the  St.  LawTence  from  the  south. 

Ottawcu  River*  is  one  of  the  largest  rivers  in  Lowe^: 
Canada,  except  the  St.  Lawrence,  into  which  it  falls  b& 
low  and  above  Montreal,  as  has  been  noted.  This  river 
is  at  least  1000  miles  long — one  of  its  branches,  the  Pe- 
tile  Riviere,  rises  out  of  Lake  Tomis  Canting,  and  after 
meeting  together  400  miles  from  Montreal,  receives  a 

*  Over  the  lower  branch  of  this  river^  Which  is  a  mile  wide,  thgre  is  a 
^v{»odc>n  bridge,  whioh  is  iiiltporled  by  soine  isbUKls.. 


(    156    ) 


i!:( 


It, 


number  of  tributary  streaiilS  ybn  ;it»  way^  a  south-east 
caurs^,  and  pitches  over  a}  number  of  precipices.  In 
going  vfp^ this  river  we  soon  meet,  with  the  cascades  of 
St.  Ann  ;  then  the  Lake  of  the  Two  Mountains  is  20 
mil^s  distant  ;  1.5  miles  further,  there  is  a  succession  of 
falls,  and  then  the  river  is  smooth  for  60  miles. 

All  the  rivers  which  have  as  yet  been  described  run  in. 
to  the  St.  Lawrence  from  the  south  or  north  ;  but  those 
now  to  be  noted,  head  on  the  north  side  of  the  great 
mountain  alieady  mentioned,  and  run  a  west,  north, 
and  north-east  course,  into  James*  Bay, 

Sli4de  Bdver  rises  some  distance  from  Lake  Mistissin* 
ny  already  named.  It  falls  into  Jame's  Bay  in  latitude 
52,  and  longitude  79 — the  mouth  of  this  river  affords 
an  excellent  harbor,  where  the  Hudson  Bay  Company 
have  a  factory. 

Ruperi*4^Iiiver  rises  out  of  the  lake  just  noted,  and  af. 
ter  passiilg  through  several  lakes,  in  a  coui'se  of  200 
miles,  fallr>  into  James'  Bay  also. 

Harracanaw  Kiver  has  its  source  from  a  small  lake 
near  the  mountains.  It  runs  nearly  a  north-west  course 
for  212  miles,  and  falls  into  thesouth  end  of  James*  Bay. 
It  is  a  large  and  beautiful  river. 

These  are  all  the  principal  rivers  of  Lower  Canada, 
all  of  which  abound  with  fish  of  various  sorts. 

The  River  St.  Lawrence  is  one  of  the  greatest,  most 
noble  and  beautiful  rivers  ;  and  at  the  same  time,  the 
furthest  navigable  for  vessels  of  a  large  size,  of  any  in 
the  universe — ^from  its  mouth  to  Montreal,  the  head  of 
ship  navigation,  it  is  545  miles  ;,100  more  it  is  passed 


with  very  large  boats ;  from  here  for  240,  through  Lake 
Ontario,  the  largest  vessels  in  the  world  may  sail. 

Nearly  the  whole  course  of  this  river  from  Lake  Su- 
perior,  a  distance  of  1600  miles,  to  its  mouth,  aflords 
water  suihcient  for  ship  navigation,  in  many  places  it 
is  10  miles  wide,  though  generally  about  5^  and  affords 
many  beautiful  and  fertile  islands^  which  are  thickly  in- 
habited  and  well  improved. 

Harbors, — These  are  numerous,  and  are  situated 
chifly  in  the  St.  Lawrence.  In  the  description  of  har- 
bors, we  will  begin  at  the  Straits  of  Bellisle,  and  follow 
the  gulph  and  river,  to  the  city  of  Montreal. 

St,  John  Bay  affords  a  good  harbor,  and  is  situated 
on  the  east,  side  of  the  gulph,  some  distance  above  the 
Straits  of  Beliisle,  in  long.  57,  and  lat.  51,  north.  Iri 
poceeding  about  100  milies  farther  on  the  same  side,  we 
eome  to  t#o  more  bays  and  harbors ;  namely,  those  of 
Bonne  River  and  the  bay  of  the  Idand  • 

Chaleuv  Bay,  on  the  west  side  of  the  gulph,  affords 
fine  harbors.  ^ 

On  the  north  coast  of  the  river  the  Bay  of  Seven 
Islands  Is  situated,  and  which  aflords  a  tolerable  harbor. 
In  this  bay  a  fleet,  under  the  command  of  Admiral 
Walker,  in  1711,  was  lost  in  aji  expedition  against 
Quebec. 

The  Isie  of  Bique  is  situated  between  the  mouths  of 
the  two  rivers  Black  and  Bustard,  already  noted — by 
this  Isle  there  is  a  noted  harbor,^afe  and  pleasant. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  mouth  of  the  rwef^Saguenay, 
before  noted,  is  the  harbor  of  Tadouisac,  which  is  large 


HE 

I^^K 

II 

HB: 

1  H 

i™ 

il^BP'' 

H 

HH;| 

■ffi 

IUh|;' 

I 

^^^^^j 

i: 

i      ' 
J 
• 

1 

and  safe.    This  harbor  lajpsinlat.  47,30^  and  in  west 
long.  69, 30.    Wljkales  come  up  as  high  as  this  place. 

About  40  miles  higher  up,  there  is  another  excellent 
harbor,  on  the  north  coast,  in  the  waters  of  Mal-bay. 

Patrick's  Hole,  below  Quebec,  is  a  good  harbor. 

The  harbor  of  Quebec,  will  be  hereafter  noted. 

A  few  miles  above  Quebec  is  the  harbor  of  JVolfi 
Cave,  the  place  at  which  the  celebrated  general  of  that 
name  landed  his  army,  previous  to  the  battle  on  th^ 
heights  df  Abraham. 

The  next  harbor  of  note  is  that  formed  by  the  mouth 
oi  the  river  Chaudiere,  already  noted,  on  the  south  side 
of  the  St.  Lawrence  eight  miles  above  Quebec.   ^ 

Jacques  Cartier,  whose  mouth  is  30  miles  above  Que* 
bee,  on  the  north  side,  aftbrds  a  good  harbor.  This 
river  bears  the  name  of  the  enterprising  navigator  who 
first  explored  the  St.  Lawrence  as  far  as  Montreal,  and 
wintered  at  its  mouth  in  1536. 

The  next  harbor  in  coprse  is  that  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  St.  Maurice,  or  the  village  of  Trm  Ehierea,  50 
miles  above  Quebec,  already  noted. 

Lake  St,  Peter,  already  noted,  affords  spme  tolerable 
harbors,  those  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  St.  Francis, 
before  mentioned ',  and  the  Sorel  or  Chambly  are  par- 
tUularly  safe. 

The  next  in  rotation  is  that  of  Montreal. 
There  are  no  more  ship-harbors  on  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence in  Lower  Canada  ;  nor  is  there  any  op  the  Otta- 
was  more  than  ten  miles,  at  which  distance  the  Arst  cas- 
eifides  appear,  afid  then  succeeds  the  Lak^  of  the  mouiif 
tain!.    . 


(    159    ) 

There  «i^e^  only^ree  tnpre  noted  harbors   in  the 
bounds  of  Lower  jCi^nAda,  (ex«ept  a  few  on  Lake  Chafti* 
plain)  aiid  those  are  situated  in  the  north-west  comer, 
on  the  coast  of  James*  Bay-^hey   are  in  the  mouths  of 
the  rivers  Slude,  Ruperts  and  Hanicanaw. 

/is^— These  are  very  plenty,  and  of  almost  all  scrtfi. 
Whales,  sturgeons,  porpuses,  salmon,  herring;i,  and 
mackerel,  are  caught  in  all  the  large  rivers  and  bays 
in  Lower  Canada,  from  a  hundred  miles  above  Quebec 
Salmon,  bass,  white  6sh  and  sturgeon,  with  a  great  va> 
rioty  of  other  excellent  fish,  are  taken  in  abundance 
from  all  the  waters  as  far  as  Montreal.  Cod-fish  are 
taken  in  vast  quantities,  from  all  the  bays  of  the  river 
and  gulph  of  St.  Lawrence,  below  Quebec 

In  Mal-bay,  and  the  St.  Lawrence  below  it,  white 
porpuses  arexaught  in  great  plenty ;  they  are  generally 
fifteen  feet  long.    Seals  and  sea-cows  are  also  plenty. 

Indians, — These  are  not  so  numerous  as  in  the  upper 
province,  but  are  more  civilized  and  christianized  ako. 

Bordering  on  the  gulj^  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  on  the 
south  side«  there  ^re  a  few  Indians  of  the  tribe  of  MiC" 
macks,  and  some  of  the  MaScUes,  part  of  whom  are 
np^ed  in  our  description  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Some  Indians  reside  around  the  Lake  St.  John,  and 
on  the  borders  of  the  river  Saguenay ;  they  arc  called 
mountaineers,  and  are  of  the  Algonquin  tribe.  Ihey  are 
remarkable  for  the  mildness  of  their  disposition,  and  are 
never  known  to  use  an  offensive  weapon  agsunst  each 
other,  or  to  kill  or  wound  any,  person  whatever.  Their 
whole  number  is  about  1,500  ;   nearly  one  half  of  them 


ii^ 


{    i«o   ) 


have  been  <^onverted  to  the  christian  fkith ;  the  remain- 
der are  pagans. 

A  missionary,  sent  from  Quebec,  resides  among 
them ;  [and  chapels,  where  divine  service  is  performed, 
are  erected  at  the  principal  posts. 
'  Jeune-Lordte,  is  a  village  of  fifty  houses,  9  miles 
noith  west  of  Quebec  ;  a  small  tribe  of  the  Hurom  re- 
side at  it ;  they  speak  the  French  tongue,  and  are  very 
religiou^.  When  they  go  to  chapel,  which  is  every  sab- 
bath, and  on  other  holy-days,  they  place  their  women 
in  the  centre,  and  arrange  themselves  on  each  side ; 
the  former  have  tolerable  good  voices. 

On  the  banks  of  the  river  St.  Francis,  already  noted, 
on  the  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  there  is  a  small  tribe 
of  the  AbinaquiSf  among  whom  a  missionary  and  an  in- 
terpreter reside. 

On  the  extensive  banks  of  the  St.  Maurice,  there  are 
a  number  of  the  Iroquois  Indians, 

Before  the  war  with  England,  there  was  a  small  tribe 
of  the  <SI^.  Uegii  Indians,  who  resided  near  the  mouth  of 
the  St.  Regis;  but  in  the  beginning  of  the  war,  they 
evacuated  their  village,  some  going  to  the  British  and 
some  to  the  Americans . 

There  are  several  more  small  tribes  in  Lower  Canada, 
that  aVe  not  here  noticed,  all  of  whom  are  somewhat 
connected  with  the  white  people  (the  French,)  and  are 
firmly  attached  to  the  government. 

Oh  the  bankr  of  the  Lake  of  the  Two  Mountains,  al- 
ready noted,  there  are  two  tribes,  viz.  the  Mohawks 
and  Algonqttins,  They  reside  in  a  vi'IIage  (Canasadogo,) 
and  have  the  gospel  preached  to  them  in  their  respec- 


I  111    iijiiiii.li9 


-(    161    ) 

tive  languages^  in,  the  |Same  meeting-house,  which  is 
large.  They  are  2000  in  number,  and  cslk  raise  600 
warriors.  '  ^ 

SauU  Sakit  Louis,  a  village  above  Montreal,  is  the 
place  of  residence  of  about  800  of  the  Mohawks,  who 
urc  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Religion. 

Villages. — Considering  the  great  extent  of  Lower  C». 
nada,  its  villages  are  few  in  number,  as  well  as  small  in 
size;  they  chiefly  lay  on  the  banks  of  the  St,  Lawrence. 

The  first  village  of  note  above  Quebec  (for  there  are 
none  below)  is  that  of  Jeanne  Lorelte,  before  noted.  It 
lays  9  miles  north.west  of  Quebec,  and  contains  50  log- 
houses,  inhabited  by  French  and  Indians.  There  is  a 
decent  chapel  in  this  village. 

The  village  of  Trots  Rivieres,*  is  situated  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Mau- 
lice,  or  Three  Rivers ;  it  extends  threeiburths  of  a 
mile  long,  and  contains  70  houses,  and  a  church. 

Charlebourg  is  situated  80  miles  eastward  of  Lo/ette^ 
and  is  something  larger. 

The  village  of  WiUiam  Henry,  or  Sorel,*  in  lat.  45,55, 
and  long.  73,  22,  is  agreeably  situated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Sorel  or  Chambly  River  with  the  St.  Lawrence, 
and  contains  a  Protestant  and  a  Roman  Catholic  hpu^e 
for  divine  worship. 

Some  distance  above  Sorel  is  situated  Vercheres;  it 
contains  about  40  houses. 

SauU  Saint  Louis  is  a  small  yillage  of  about  150  houses, 
inhabited  chiefly  by  the  Iroquois  or  Mohawk  Indiani. 

*  Thcie  are  borouf;h  tovoi. 


7 

i 


i: 


(  1<«  ) 


This  village  is  aliput  16  miJLea  abov'd  Montreal,  and  was 
originally  bnilt  for  those  Indians,  who  have  long  been 
converted  to  the  Christian  religion.  It  is  chiefly  built 
of  stone.  The  church  and  dwelling  of  the  missionaries 
are  protected  by  a  stone  Wall,  in  which  there  are  loop- 
holes for  musquetry. 

JPointe  aUx  Trembles  village  is  51  miles  from  Quebec; 
it  contains  120  houses,  a  small  convent  of  nuns,  and  a 
neat  church. 

The  village  of  the  Cedars  is  charmingly  situated  on 
the  St.  Lawrence,  not  far  above  Montreal ;  it  contains 
about  50  houses. 

The  Canasadago  village  of  the  Iroquois  (or  Mohawk) 
and  Algonquin  tribes  of  Indians,  is  situated  on  a  delight, 
ful  point  of  land  on  the  hills  on  the  east  side  of  the  two 
mountains^  in  the  Ottawas  River.  Near  the  extremity 
of  the  piint  their  church  is  built,  which  divides  the 
village  into  two  parts,  forming  a  regular  angle  along  the 
water  side.  It  contains  about  200  houses  and  2,500 
souls. 

Cuies. — There  are  but  two  of  these  in  Lower  Canada ; 
vi£.  Quebec  and  Montreal. 

In  describing  Quebec  I  shall  be  guided  chiefly  by  Mr, 
IHlllOt,  who  possessed  considerable  advantages  for  the 
execution  of  this  task,  having  resided  in  tne  province 
for  several  years,  in  an  ofBcial  situplSon ;  and  bfing  en. 
dowed  with  a  talent  for  drawiag,  and  conseqjutntly  with 
habits  of  observing  and  admiring  the  picturesque  scenery 
of  nature  and  art.  I  therefdre  expect,  by  copying  some 
of  his  descriptioni  to  give  a  tolerable  cdbrect  view  ot 
this  great  city. 


(    ll>3^   >f 

Qftebeck  is  sHu^iid'ollillie  n<3)rth«iae  of  the  nver  St. 
liawrence,  330  Hiiles  from  the  ^to..  It  stands  on  a  high 
point  of  land  near  the  mouth  ot  the  river  5t«  Charles, 
which  flows  on  the  north  side. 

Cape  Diamond,  the  summit  of  the  promontory,  rises 
abruptly  on  the  south,  to  the  height  of  350  perpendicular 
feet  above  the  river.  Some  uneven  ground  subsides  into 
a  valley  between  the  works  and  the  heightsof  Abraham  ;* 
on  the  latter  there  are  natural  elevations  which  are^high- 
er,  by  a  few  feet,  than  any  of  the  ground  included  within 
the  foi  tifications.f 

Quebec  was  first  fortified  with  eleven  redoubts,  whicli 
served  as  bastions,  comihunicating  with  each  other  by 
curtains,  composed  of  palisades  10  f^et  in  height,  strengtl)- 
ened  in  the  interior  with  earth 

The  citadel  is  now  constructed  on  the  highest  part  of 
Cape  Diamond,  composed  of  a  whole  bastion,  a  cup> 
tain,  and  half  bastion,  from  whence  it  extends  along  the 
summit  of  the  bank  towards  the  north-east ;  this  part 
being  adapted  with  flanks  agreeable  to  the  situation  ot* 
the  ground.  There  are  towards  the  south-east  a  ditch, 
counter-guard,  covered-way,  with  glacis.  The  works 
have  of  late  years  been  in  a  great  measure  rebuilt,  ^nd 
raised  to  a  height  calculated  to  command  the  k^i^ 
groundi>  in  the  vicinity. 

A  steep  and  rugged  bank,  about  50  feet  in  height, 
terminates  the  ditch  and  glacis  on  the  north,  towards 
which  the  ground  slopes  downwards  from  Cape  Dia- 

*  The  height^C  Abraham  U  on  the  wett. 

t  At  pmsfit  tdlM  of  Um  woriu  in  tbegarrisoa  are  bif^isr  tlan  iny  of 
the  heifbt*  of  AjNulMin. 

1^ 


h 


(    16*    ) 


•,,.:,-t.JA 


't^^jf- 


«*   ¥^?'j 


mpnci  nearly  S6d  feet  liTadis^nce^of  Alotig 

the  summit  of  the  bank  a  strong  wall  ot  stone,  nearly 
40  feet  high,  having  a  half  and  a  whole  flat  bastion  with 
small  flanks,  occupies  a  space  of  200  yards  to  Palace, 
gate,  at  which  there  is  a  guard«house.  From  hence  to 
the  new  works  at  Hope-gate  is  a  distance  of  300  yards. 

The  rocky  eminence  increases  in  steepness  and  ele^ 
i^ation  as  far  as  the  Bishop*s  palace,  near  which  there 
is  a  strong  battery  of  heavy  cannon,  extending  a  consid- 
erable distance  along  the  brow  of  the  precipice,  and 
commanding  the  basin  and  part  of  the  river.  Between 
the  edifice  now  mentioned,  and  the  lower  town,  a  steep 
passage,  partly  formed  by  nature,  intervenes ;  over  which 
•there  is  a  barrier  with  a  gate- way  of  stone,  surmounted 
by  a  guard-house,  and  otherwise  defended  by  powerful 
works  of  stone« 

The  govern.iient  house  is  dignified  with  the  appella- 
tion of  chateau,  or  castle  of  St.  Louis,  and  is  placed  on 
the  brink  of  a  precipice  inaccessible,  and  whosft  altitude 
exceeds  200  feet.  The  building  is  supported  by  counter- 
parts, rising  to  half  its  height,  and  supporting  a  gallery. 
Upon  the  bank  of  the  precipitous  rock,  a  stone  wall  is 
extended  from  the  old  chateau  for  a  distance  of  about  300 
yi^ds  to  the  westward,  which  forms  a  line  of  defence, 
and  serves  as  a  boundary  to  a  garden,  within  which  are 
two  batteries)  one  rising  above  the  other. 

Cape  Diamond,  nearly  200  feet  higher  than  the  gound 
on  which  the  upper  town  is  situat«*d,  presents  itself  to 
the  westward.  From  the  garrison,  on  thie  top  of  this 
cape,  there  are  five  gates  or  ouMets  to  thcTneighboring 
country  ;  the  highest,  Fort  St.  Louis  opens  towards  the 


(  lei  ) 

westward,  and  towards  the  tidj^hts  of  Abraham ;  Port 
St.  John  towards,  St.  Foix,  through  which  is  the  road 
to  Montreal ;  Palace  and  Hope  gates  open  towards  the 
river  St.  Charles,  on  the  noith;  and  Prescot-gate  af. 
fords  a  communication  to  the  lower  town  on  the  north* 
east.  ^^ 

The  streets  of  Quebec  are,  in  consequence  of  its  situa* 
tion,  irregular  and  uneven  ;  many  of  them  are  narr  ow, 
and  but  very  few  are  paved.  The  houses  are  built  of 
stone,  of  unequal  height^  and  many  are  covered  with 
roofs  of  boards.  The  roughness  of  the  materials  of 
which  they  are  constructed  gives  them  a  rugged  aspect; 
and  the  accommodations  are  fitted  up  in  a  style  equally 
plain  and  void  of  taste. 

The  frequent  accidents  which  have  happened,  and  the 
extensive  damage  which  the  town  has  lepeatedly  sus. 
tained,  have  suggested  th#  expediency  of  covering  the 
public  buildings  and  many  of  the  dwelling  houses  with 
tin  or  painted  sheet  iron. 

The  lower  town,  which  is  the  principal  place  of  com- 
merce, occupies  the  ground  of  the  basis  of  the  promon- 
tory, which  has  been  gradually  gained  from  the  cliffs,  on 
one  side,  by  mining ;  and  from  the  riyer,  on  the  other, 
by  the  construction  of  wharves, 

The  channel  of  t^^e  St.  Lawrence  is  here  about  a  mile 
in  breadth  to  point  Levi,  on  the  opposite  or  south  shore; 
and  its  greatest  depth  at  high  water  is  30  fathoms,  the 
anchorage  being  every  where  safe  and  good, 

The  rock,  of  which  the  promontory  of  Quebec  is  com- 
posed, consists  of  a  species  of  black  lime  slate,  varj'ing 
m  thickness,  whichi  though  apparently  compact,  may, 


't 


(  Jlfi6    ) 

by  the  stroke  of  a  hamiblr,  be  shivered  into  very  thin 
pieces  ;  and,  by  exposure  to  the  influence  of  the  weather 
it  moulders  into  soil.  A  considerable  number  of  the 
houses  of  the  town  are  built  of  thi&  stone. 

Quebec  contains  at  present  about  20,000  inhabitants, 
chiefly  French,  5,000  of  whom  are  soldiers,  and  are  ne. 
cessary  to  man  the  works  in  the  fort. 

I  will  endeavor,  if  possible,  to  give  my  readers  a  still 
more  'jj^am  and  simple  view  of  this  city. 

I  will  therefore  suppose  a  person  to  be  sailing  up  the 
St.  Lawrence,  and  from  the  course  of  the  river  his  face 
will  be  nearly  south,  A  little  after  he  passes  the  mouth 
of  the  river  St.  Charles,  he  will  be  in  front  of  Quebec, 
which  will  appear  on  the  right  hand,  and  crowds  close 
up  to  the  river.  If  he  shou!ii  land  in  the  'niddle  of  the 
town,  he  might  walk  with  his  lace  nearly  to  the  west 
through  the  streets  of  the  low%r  town  for  300  yards,  on 
level  ground ;  he  would  then  come  to  a  hill  of  conside. 
table  steepness,  up  which  however  he  could  go  without 
much  difficulty  by  keeping  on  the  street.  After  he  had 
got  a  hundred  ^ards  up  and  to  the  top  of  the  hill,  he 
would  come  to  a  wall  of  stone,  40  feet  high  and  very 
thick  ;  through  a  gate  in  this  wall  he  might  pass  to  the 
upper  town,  and,  by  keeping  on  with  his  face  to  the  west, 
he  would  finally  come  to  the  fortifications^  on  a  still  high. 
cr  ground,  and  which  is  256  feet  higher  than  the  bed 
of  the  river.  In  standing  here  on  the  top  of  Cape  Dia. 
mond,  right  before  him,  to  the  west,  he  sees  the  heights 
of  Abraham  ;  and  on  his  right,  to  the  north,  the 
•mall  river    St.  Charles ;  and  to  his  left,  the  St.  Law- 


(.  m  ) 


rence.    Betweeil  him  and  thetii^ghts  of  Abraham  ther^ 
is  a  considerable  vattey.  '^ 

To  those  t>f  my  readers  who  have  seen  tht  city  of 
Richmond,  in  Virginia,  the  following  comparison  may 
not  be  improper :  "^  -' 

If  James'  Rivei-flo^ed  more  to  the  north,  it  Woutd  itS^ 
present  the  St.  Lawrence ;  and  that  part  of  the  town 
below  <he  basin,  will  represent  the  lower  town  of  Que- 
bec Shockoe  hill  (though  not  so  high,)  on  which  the 
capi'  1  stands,  will  represent  Cape  Diamond,  on  which 
the  upper  town  is  situated.  The  place  of  the  Swan  taV- 
ein,  on  H-street,  will  r^resent  the  citadel,  on  the  high- 
est part  of  Cape  Diamond,  around  Which  the  works  of 
the  fort  are  placed.  The  deep  ravine  or  hollow  to  the 
north  of  H-street,  will  represent  the  deep  valley  that  is 
between  Quebec  and  the  heights  of  Abraham  ;  and  the 
hill  and  plain  north  of  Richmond,  will  represent  the 
heights  of  Abraham  itself,  though  it  is  situated  more 
west.  Shockoe  Creek,  that  flows  on  the  east  of  Rich- 
mond, passes  the  market-house,  and  falls  into  James' 
River  below  the  bridge,  will  represent  the  river  St, 
Charles  ;  and  the  bridge  at  the  market-house,  will  re^ 
present  that  over  the  St.  Charles  which  leads  to  Que- 
bec. 

The  city  of  Montreal,*  in  latitude  45o  33,  longitude 
73o  37,  is  placed  on  the  south  side,  and  near  the  lower 
end  of  the  island  of  the  same  name,  which  is  30  miles 
long,  and  7  wide,  whose  banks  are  here  from  ten  to 
Afteen  feet  hish,  from  the  level  of  the  water.    It  is  built 


il 


■1  • 


*  MootNtl  ii  180  iniki  above  Quebec. 

K2 


in  the  form  of  a  iKtvaDelogram,  extending  Crom  north 
to  south.  A  deep  and  rapid  current  flows  between  the 
thore  and  the  island  of  Saint  Helen.  A  strong  north- 
east wind  is  necessary^  to  carry  vessels  up  to  the  town : 
and  when  that  is  wanting,  they  remain  at  anchor,  at  the 
Ipwer  end  of  the  stream*  This  inconvenience  might 
have  been  obviated,  had  the  city  been  built  about  a  mile 
below  its  present  site,  at  a  place  called  the  Cross.  The 
original  founders  were  enjoined  by  the  government  of 
France,  to  make  choice  of  a  situation  as  high  up  the 
river,  as  large  vessels  could  be  navigated :  and  it  appears 
that  the  injunction  was  literally  obeyed. 

The  streets  are  ^iry,  and  regularly  disposed,  one  of 
them  extending  nearly  parallel  to  the  river,  through  the 
whole  length  of  the  place.  They  are  of  sufficient  width, 
being  intersected  at  right  angles,  by  several  smaller 
steets,  which  descend  from  west  \to  east.  The  upper 
street  is  divided  into  two,  by  the  Roman  Catholic 
church,  adjoining  to  which,  there  is  a  large  open 
square,  called  the  Place  d'Armes, 

^  The  habitations  of  the  principal  merchants  are  neat 
a^nd  commodious ;  and  their  store-houses  are  spacious, 
and  secured  against  rbk  from  fires.  They  are  cover- 
ed with  sheet-iron  or  tin. 

Montreal  is  divided  into  the  upper  and  lower  towns, 
although  the  difference  of  level  between  them,  exceeds 
not  twelve  or  fifteen  feet.  In  the  latter  are  the  public 
market,  held  twice  in  the  week»  and  the  Hotel  Dieu. 
The  upper  town  contains  the  cathedral,  the  English 
ehurch,  the  coni^tof  RecolletS)  that  of  the  sisters  of 

Notre  Dame,  the  Seminary,  the  Goveri^inent-house, 


_ 


(    »69    ) 

and  the  n«w  Cenrt  ^  Law.  ThereHgious  edificei^sre 
consUucted  with  more  solidity  than  taste :  and  all  off 
them  are  pr)68eBsed  of  extensile  gardens**  '•"-^ 

The  Hotel  Dicu,  foanded  by  Madame  de  Bouillon  i^ 
1G4I,  .has  a  superior  and  thirty  nuns,  whose  princi|>id 
occupation  consists  in  administering  relief  to  the  sick, 
who  are  receiired  into  that  hospital.  A  large  room  in 
the  upper  part  of  the  building,  is  appropriated  as  a  ward 
foi<  female,  and  one  immediately  under  it,  for  male  pa> 
dents.  As  the  institution  was  intended  for  public  bene* 
fit,  the  medicines  were^  durin^g  the  French  government, 
supplied  at  the  dlpence  of  the  crown.  The  fund  hf 
which  it  was  supported,  being  vested  in  Paris,  was  lost  in 
consequence  of  the  revolution.  Its  present  slender* 
sources  are  chiefly  derived  from  some  property  iti 
land,  .^ 

The  General  Hospital  stands  on  the  banks  of  th^ 
liver,  and  is  s. grated  from  the  town  by  a  small  rivulet. 
It  owes  its  estabMshment,  in  1753,  to  a  widow  lady 
named  YouvUte.  It  contains  a  superior,  and  ninete^ti 
nuns.  * 

A  natural  wharf,  very  near  to  the  town,  is  formiNt 
by  the  depth  of  the  stream,  «nd  the  sudden  declivity  of 
the  bank.  The  environs  of  Montreal  are  composed  of 
four  streets  extending  in  different  directions.  That  of 
Quebec  on  the  north.  Saint  Lawrence  towards  tke 
west,  and  the  Reeollet  and  Saint  Antoine  towards  the 
south ;  in  the  latter  is  placed  the  college,  which  hiji 

*  About  the  year  IWO,  the  MeduMliMt  byitt  a  de«nt  meetine-hoMie  in 
tliU  Iowa* 

K  3 


^ 


(    170    ) 

httn  lately  reijuiit    ^esc,  together  With  the  toWn, 
contain  about  fifteen  thousand  inhabitantii. 

The  mountain  is  about  two  miles  and  a  half  distant 
ffbm  the  town;    The  land  ri^es,  at  iirst  by  g^title  gra- 
dations, and  is  chiefly  occupied  for  gardens  and  orchards, 
producing  apples  and  pears  of  a  superior  qiiality.    The 
more  steep  parts  of  ihe  mountain,  continue  to  be  shad- 
ed by  their  native  woods.    The  northern  extrefnity^ 
w^i<*1i  is  the  most  lofty,  assumes  a  more  abrupt  acclivi- 
ty with  a  conical  form  :  and  this  remains  of  the  crater 
of  a  volcano,  are  found  among  the  rocks.    This  elevat- 
ed spot,  about  seven  hundred  feet  ab(^ve  the  lev^il  of  the 
nver,  is  of  a  long  shape ;  and  extends  upwards  of  two 
tttHes  from  north  to  south,  subMiiihg  towards  the  cen- 
tre, ovr  which  a  road  passes,  and  again  rising  in  iHg 
ged  masses,  clothed  vrith  trees.     A  house  and  gardens, 
belonging  to,  and   o<iicupied  by  the  mettibers  of  the 
Seminary,  are  agreeably  situated  on  the  eastern  decli- 
vity. ^ 
-rThescehe  displayed  from  the  sumihit  of  the  mountain, 
which  is  the  only  eminence  on  the  island,  is,  on  every 
K^lfe,  extensive,  art^  rich.  „The  city  of  Montreal,  the 
^yCultivated'  landd,  the  habitations    interspersed  among 
trees;  the  great  river  rapidly  dashing  into  clouds  of 
white  foam,  over  the  rocks  of  ha  Chine,  and  sweeping 
its  f  liver  c<>ut-se  aroun4  a  variety  of  islands ;  the  lofty 
mountain  of  Chambly,  with  those  of  BeleuU,  and  Boii' 
cii^rvUle,,  compose  the  scenery  towards  the  east.    Thai 
0^  the  north,  though  dfeqiial  fertility  is  less  diversified. 
'The  most  faror^l^  ^iew  df  the  town,  is  from  the 


I  the  town, 

half  distant 
g^title  gra- 
id  orchards, 
aHty.    The 
to  be  shad- 
extrehiity^ 
•upt  acclivi- 
P  the  crater 
rhis  elevat- 
Icv^l  of  the 
ards  of  two 
Is  the  cen- 
ng  ffi  iHg 
d  gardens, 
era  of  the 
era  decli- 

I'oantain, 
on  every 
real,  the 
among 
ouds  of 
weeping 
he  lofty 
id  Boii- 
That 
srsified. 
3m  the 


(     111'    ) 

opposite  island  of  Saint  Helen,  where  the  mountain 

appears  in  the  back  ground. 

At  the  breaking  up  of  the  winter,  the  buildings  of  the 
town,  which  are  situated  near  the  river,  are  sometimes 
subject  to  damage,  by  the  accumulation  of  large  frag- 
ments of  i9^,  impelled  by  the  rapiditjf  of  the  current, 
already  described. 

Montreal  being  placed  one  degree  and  sixteen  minutes 
south  from  Quebec*  enjoys  a  more  favorable  climate* 
The  soil  is  richer,  and  the  duration  of  Winter  is  not  so 
long  at  the  former  place,  as  at  the  latter,  by  the  space  of 
six  w^ffks.  This  superiority,  with  respect  to  clim»e 
and  soil,  renders  it  preferable  to  Quebec,  as  a  pUce 
of  constant  residence.  The  markets  are  more  abund* 
antly  supplied :  and  the  articles  of  living,  are  sold  at  a 
more  reasonable  price,  especially  during  winter,  when 
the  inhabitants  of  the  United  States,  who  reside  upon 
lands  bordering  on  Lowxr  Canada,  bring  for  sale,  a  part 
of  .the  produce  if  their  farms.  Quantities  of  cod,  and 
of  other  fisl^  in  a  frozen  state,  are  likewise  conveyed 
thither  in  sidghs  from  Boston^ 

Fbfiifications.mJT}[itst  are  principally  placed  in' Q/|ie- 
hec,  Troies  Rivieres,  St.  Johns,  on  Lake  Champiain* 
Ch%mbly,  Sorel,  and  at  Montreal ;  but  it  is  impossible 
to  describe  their  strength  at  present,  as  they  have  been 
altered  since  the  war.  The  fortifications  at  Quebec  are 
perhaps  as  strong,  «nd  as  extensive  as  any  in  North 
America. 

Jgriculture. — In  the  upjfier  part  of  this  province  there 
are  a  great  number  of  excellent  farmers,  who  raise 
plentiful  crops  of  different  kinds  of  grain. 


i 


■iij 


'l' 


■  ■J    v7 


(     172    ) 

1%^  ioil  below  Quebec  will  fi^  firing  any  kbu 
iprAin  to  perfection,  except  wheat  atid  peas  ;  Koweic,^ 
4iffi5tent  sorts  of  grass  thrive  well  here.      '  ' 

i- Above  Quebec  about  100  miles,  almost  everjr  SQti  of 
grain  will  flourish  except  corn  ;  but  about  Montreal 
^om  will  answer  also.  Flax  and  hemp  come  to  perfe» 
tion  in  any  part  of  the  province,  as  well  as  turnips,  po- 
tatoeSj  pumpkins^  onions,  and  all  kinds  of  garde|i  vege^ 
tables. 

Cattle  do  very  well  in  any  part  of  the  province,  espe- 
dally  those  that  have  no  horns;  but  thbse  thathave^^re 
sometimes  injured  by  the  frost,  for  which  reason  ihe  in* 
habitants  prefer  the  buffalo  breed ;  and  more  of  them 
are  to  be  seen  in  Lower  Canada  th^in  any  where  else. 

Cmnimree, — Canada  has,  for  many  years,  carried  on 
with  the  islands  in  the  Gulph  of  Mexico,   a  trade  in 
flott^,   and  planks  and  other  wood  adapteft  for  build 
itig. 

In  the  year  1718,  ginseng  was  firstlUcovered  in  the 
woods  of  Canada,  and  was  sold  in  Quebec  for  twenty 
pence  a  pound ;  but  soon  was  transported  to  Canton, 
i^htre  itst  q[Uality  was  pronounced  to  be  equal  lothat 
4)if  the  ginseng  |>roeured  in  Corea,  or  in  Tartary  ;  it 
then  sold  for  five  dollars  a  pound.  The  export  of  this 
article  alone,  amounted,  in  1752,  to  100,000  dollars. 

In  1770,  the  quantity  of  produce  exported,  amounted 
to  about  164,00i  pounds  sterling,  and  was  shipped  in 
seventy  vessels. 

la  1^75,  nlnety-seven  vessels,  carrying  10,850  tons, 
were  employed  in  the  trade  of  Canada. 

Ip  1793,  one  hundred  and  twenty-eight  vessels  were 


erjr  «oH  of 
>  Montreal 
BtOperfeo- 
irnips,  po- 
rdeti  vege» 

iice,  espe* 
thav«j^re 
mihein* 
J  of  them 
•c  else, 
^rried  oii 
trade  in 
>r  build 

]  in  the 
twenty 
'tnton, 
to  that 

«7;  if 

of  this 
»rs. 

Dunted 
pedin 

tons, 

were 


(  m  ) 

employed,  amounting  to  19^950  tons,  and,  navigated  bjr 
eleven  hundred  men.  ,^ 

Three  hundred  and  ninety-five  thousand  bushels  of 
Dvheat^  eighteen  thousand  barrels  of  flour,  and  tyveoty 
thousand  pounds  of  biscuit,  were  in  that  year  exported 
froon  Canada.  ,   . 

The'' quantity  of  wheat  exported  from  Canada  in 
1802,  Was.  one  million  and  ten  thousand  bushels;  of 
flour,  thirty-eight  thousand  barrels ;  of  biscuit,  thiity- 
two  thousand  pounds.  The  number  of  vessels  engaiged 
in  the  exportation  of  these  and  other  productions  of  jQ^ 
nada,  were  211.        ^  v.    , 

The  exports  from  Canada,  consist  of  whea^  and 
other  grain,  flour^^hiscuit,  flax-seed,  beef  and  pork, 
butter  and  lard,  soap  and  candles,,  tallow  and  balsam* 
ale  and  porter,  essence  of  spruce,  and  mint,  dry  imd 
pickled  salmon,  flsh-oil^  timber,  plank,  boards,  hemp» 
horses,  cattle,  sheep,  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  utensils  c^ 
castiron,  furs  IpVarious  descriptions,  and  gipseng.  . 

These  articles  amounted  iii  value,  in  the  year  men- 
tioned above,  to  563,400  pounds  stprling.  . 

Ti^e  imports  to  Canada,  dor  not  amount  in  valine  to 
the  exports ;  they  /consist  of  sugar^  molisses,  eoflee, 
wine,  rum,  and  different  articles  of  Biitisli  m^ufac- 
turci  ■^•■.4??      '-  ;:..  :..*'.'''    ■';.v>.    ^^'.j 

Manufactures. — The  manufiictures  of  liower  Caioada 
are  not  extensive ;  neTerthele89,-ibere«re  a  9iiia]]  quan- 
tity made  of  almost  all  kinds  of  articles. 

At  Quebec,  and  some  oilier  places,  ships  an^  smoHer 
vessels  are  built.  ;k^.,    ' 


If 

mi 
ft 


i 


(  "*  ) 

Iron  and  castings  aft  1tha(ie  atTrbi^  Riviere^,  aiil$' 
cltewhere. 

Maple  sugar  is  made  in  great  abundance  in  the  upper 
part  of-the  province. 

The  distillation  of  mint,  has  of  late  years  been  carried 
on  in  Canada  to  a  considerable  extent,  and  became  a 
current  article  of  trade. 

Poi-and  pearl'a^bes  have  been  made  in  great  abund- 
ance.' 

Glasvand  earthen^ware  are  made  in  Quebec  and  other 
places. 

Stoneware  of  a  very  durable  nature,  and  ingeniously 
formed,  is  made  by  the  Indians. 

Brandy,  wjiibkey,  beer,  hats,  leather,  ropes,  linen, 
and  excellent  cloths,  are  made  in  great  abundance,  aa 
also  many  other  domestic  articles. 

Settlements. — Compaiativeiy  speaking,  Lower  Cana- 
da 19  but  thinly  settled,  especially  below  Quebec. 

The  following  are  the  principal  settlements  in  the 
province: 

The  first  saljtlement  (and  that  a  sn\a11  one,)  is  in  the 
environs  of  Mont  Louis,  on  the  south  side  of  the  St. 
Lawrenoe,  near  the  mouth,  where  it^empties  into  the 
gulph,  opposite  the  Bay  of  Seven  Island^.* 

About  30  miles  higher  up  the  river,  on  the  north 

*  A  Ibw  fliniiliei  act  MtUed  on  the  Msvdalen  Uaiidi,  levcn  in  nuin« 
ber,  but  of  iiuall  extent*  Tbey  aretituattd^u:  Uw  ontiance  of  t  ie 
Gulph  of  St*  Lawnmce. 


(     1?5     ) 

shore,  there  is  another  small  settlemeqt,  «t  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Moisie^  already  noted.  .  ^ 

Ninety  miles  farther  up,  there  is  a  small  settlement, 
on  the  south  side  of  the  nver,  opposite  to  the  island  of 
Saint  Bamaby. 

On  the  banks  of  the  river  Saguenay,  already  named, 
which  £i1Is  into  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  re  are  a  num« 
ber  of  small  settlements  of  an  ancient  date.  These 
settlements  were  made  previous  to  the  establishment  of 
a  colony  in  Canada.  They  are  known  by  the  appella* 
tion  of  the  King's  Posti*,  and  are  let  for  a  term  of  years, 
to  commercial  people  for  the  design  of  conducting  a  tta. 
fie  for  peltry  with  the  savages,  and  ^IsQ  for  the  salmon, 
whale,  seal  and  porpus  fisheries. 

Oneof  these  settlements,  called  Chicoutami/is  situated 
r5  miles  up  the  Saguenay,  where  the  soil  is  fertile.  It 
has  been  found  by  experiment,  that  grain  will  ripen 
much  sooner  here  than  at  Quebec,  although  placed  con* 
siderably  to  the  north  of  that  city. 

About  20  miles  further  up  the  St.  Lawrence,  pear  th« 
Island  of  Bique,  the  settletnents  on  the  80t|th  side  may 
be  said  to  begin. 

Green  iaiandvt  still  higher  up  the  river,  but  exhibits 
a  pleasing  appearance,  and  affords  {^n  abundance  of  pasx 
turage  for  cattle. 

In  the  ri^h  and  beautiful  vally  of  Mai  bay,  on  the 
north  side  already  noted,  th  i  settlement  is  large  and  po- 
pulous. ^ 

*  Tbeie  potts  are  now  in  tlie  ponMiion  of  the  North*wect  Company  of 
Fur  Traderitfertke  yearly  r'^nt  of  4iou  dollari. 


i|: 


t 


t. 


(    t?6    ) 

A  little  ibove  Mai  bay,  on  the  south  side,  is  situated 
the  settlement  of  Camouradca* 

Th^fsland  of  Coudresis  in  the  vicinity  of  Caniourasca, 
on  vvhich  reside  about  forty  femilies.  This  island  is 
tbout7  miles  in  length  and  3  in  breadth. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  river  a  little  above  Mai-bay, 
there  are  several  small  settlements,  formed  in  a  curious 
and  romantic  manner.  s-^  i  > 

"  The  Eboulemenh  are  a  chain  of  mountains  that  rise 
near  the  river  all  of  a  sudden,  and  to  a  majestic  elevation. 

On  the  sides  of  these  mountains,  settlements  are  made, 
one  above  another  at  different  stages  of  height.  The 
houses,  corn-fields,  orchards  and  woods,  irregularly 
scattered  over  the  brow  of  the  hills,  produce  an  effect 
luxurientand  novel. 

Fi  oHi  this  settlement  in  ascending  the  coast  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  the  country  is  fertile  and  thickly  inhabited  ; 
being  in  some  places  settled  to  the  depth  of  eight  con- 
cessions, or  about  12  miles. 

Great  quantities  of  grain  is  produced  in  these  settle- 
ments, and  the  soil  is  more  fertile  than  that  around  Que. 
bee. 

The  coast  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  affords  excellent  mea- 
dow land. 

The  churches  and  settlements,  which  are  placed 
thickly  together,  produce  an  agreeable  contrast  with  the 
forest  and  distant  mountains. 

The  face  of  the  country  on  the  north  is  elevated  and 
bold,  being  composed  of  a  succession  of  hilU,  rising 
abruptly  frcn  the  water,  one  above  another,  and  Ur» 


s 


(     177    ) 


minating  towards  the  west  by  Cape  Tourment,  wh#ie 
perpendicular  altitude  is  two  thousand  htt,  , 

On  approaching  the  Island  of  Orleans,*  a  rich  and 
interesting  view  displays  itself,  as  the  settlements  are^ 
thick  on  it  and  on  both  shores. 

Froni  Quebec  upwards,  the  settlements  are  closdly 
connected,  and  many  ^^f  them  extend  back  from  the 
river,  on  both  sides,  to  a  considerable  distance. 

A  number  of  fine  settlements  are  made  on  both  sideft 
of  the  Ottawas  River,  as  high  up  as  the  commence^ 
ment  of  the  cascades,  which  is  40  miles  from  Montreal. 

Several  fine  settlements  are  formed  on  the  liver  Ri- 
deau,  which  flows  from  the  west  into  the  Ottawas,  106 
miles  north-west  of  Montreal,  by  the  course  of  the  river, 
though  not  more  than  ha!f  that  distance  on  a  straight 
line. 

The  inhabitants  of  these  settlements  arelovalists. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  Ottawas  River,  there  is  a 
small  settlement  of  American  families,  who  came  there 
sixteen  years  ago. 

Above  Montreal,  settlements  are  quite  thick  in  every 
direction. 

Civil  JJivisions, — The  province  of  Lower  Canada  is 
divided  into  three  t!istricts  and  twenty-one  counties,  viz. 
Gaspe,  Cornwallis,  Devon,  Hertford,  Dorchester, 
Buckint^hamiihire,  Richelieu,  Bedford,  3urry,  Ke^it, 
huntington,    York,   Montreal,    Efhngham,  Leinster, 

*  Above  this  island  the  water  of  the  St.  Lavreuce  is  quite  iVeih. 
Thiii  island  is  40  milts  in  cii-cumfWrencc,  ond  of  a  conical  fonn,  rising 
ID  the  centre  to  a  eoniklerable  height. 


n 


Hi 


h 


i'l 


'fi 


!:| 


i    ■ 


I  Si  'VI 


^ 

Hi 

f 

wu 

is 

SB  B  Ii 

> 

-^3  si  ^'^ 

;c  , 

..ffilLw 

ii 

i^Hflt'l^ 

<i^ 

^E^P  f^ 

1 

H 

•         (    178    ) 

Wamdck,  Saint  Maurice,  Hampshire,  Quebeo,  Nor- 
thumberland, and  Orleans.  These  counties  are  subdi- 
vided into  parishes. 

Water  Navigation. — This  is  very  extensive,  and  con. 
venient  to  all  the  inhabitants  of  Lower  Canada,  as  none 
'Jive  at  any  great  distance  from  the  river  St.  Lawrence, 
or  other  large  streams  that  fall  into  it. 

FVom  the  straits  of  Bellisle,  which  is  in  the  north- 
tast  corner  of  Lower  Canada,  the  distance  to  follow  the 
gulph  and  river  to  Montreal,  is  559  miles,  all  of  which 
is  navigable  for  ships. 

From  Montreal  upwards,  for  about  50  miles,  which  is 
as  far  as  Lower  Canada  extends,  the  river  is  navigated 
with  large  boats. 

The  Ottawas  River  is  navigated  by  canoes  engaged 
in  the  fur  trade,  and  which  carry  eight  thousand  weight, 
from  Montreal  to  Lake  Superior,  a  distance  of  900 
miles ;  yet  it  is  often  performed  in  eighteen  days.,  though 
the  voyagers  have  to  cross  thirty-six  portages.  After 
leaving  the  north  branch  of  the  Ottawas  River,  the 
course  leads  to  the  stream  of  Chaussee  de  Castor,  which 
falls  into  Lake  Nipissing,  which  discharges  by  the 
liver  French,  into  Lake  Huron. 

The  Bay  of  Chaleurs,  already  noted ;  the  rivers  Sa- 
gucnay  and  Sorel,  Lake  Champlain,  the  St.  Maurice, 
and  some  other  waters,  afford  an  inland  navigation  of 
considerable  extent. 


*  i 


tl'' 


mnti^$uu$* 


■J  ■•■ 


<QS 


THE  only  natural  curiosities  worth  naming  in  Lower 
Canada,  are  those  cascades  and  water-falls  with  which 
the  province  abounds. 

Isles — The  Bird  Isles,  which  are  situated  in  the 
•;ulph  of  St.  Lawrence,  consist  of  two  rocks  elevated 
above  the  water  upwards  of  100  feet;  their  flattened 
summits,  whose  circumference  does  not  exceed  three 
hundred  yards, exhibit  a  resplendent  whiteness,  produc* 
ed  by  the  quantities  of  ordure  with  which  they  are  cov- 
ered, from  immense  flocks  of  birds,  which  »•!  summer 
take  possesbion  of  the  apertures  in  their  perpe;tdicular 
cliffs,  where  they  form  their  Brstb  and  produ^ie  their 
young.  When  alarmed  they  hover  ;ibove  the.  r«  ckb  c.nd 
over  shadow  their  tops  hy  their  numbers.  The  abun<^- 
ance  of  their  eggs  aflTords  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  neigh- 
boring const  a  material  supniv  of  ''ood. 

Falls. — Ninety  miles  up  the  Saguenay  River,  already 
noted,  there  is  a  fall  of  water  that  deserves  notice,  chiefly 
on  account  of  the  immense  sheet  of  water  which  is  per* 
petually  broken  in  its  ru^ed  course,  and  tisumes  a 
respKndent  whiteness. 

When  viewed  from  betow^  the  scene  is  .'-'.upendous 


'I 


t 


C    180    ) 


I  ft 


and  terrific.  The  incessant  and  deafening  roar  of  the 
rolling  torrents  of  foam,  and  the  irresistible  violence  and 
fury  with  which  the  river  hastens  down  its  descent,  tend 
to  produce  on  the  mind  of  the  spectator  an  impression  aw> 
fnllygrand.  The  picturesque  and  iiideljwild  forms  of 
thelofty  banks,  exhibit  a  gloomy  contrast  to  the  lively 
splendo  rs  of  the  cataract. 

SioufA* — Three  hundred  and  thirtv  miles  from  (he 
mout^  of  the  St.  Lawrence  is  situated  Caipe  Tourment^ 
whost  perpendicular  altitude  is  2000  feet.  It  exhibits  a 
graud  and  sublime  view,  especially  to  those  sailing  up 
the  nv«t'. 

I'Varart.— The  cataract  of  the  river  MontmorencI, 
v'hic.  J  empties  into  the  St.  Lawrence  8  miles  below  Que- 
\  n<::  '  lay  be  reckoned  among  the  natural  curiosities  erf 
^:^u>  coimtry.  1  will  note  its  description  in  the  words  of 
Mr.  Ucriot. 

<'  After  exhibiting  a  grateful  variety  throughout  its 
course,  the  Montmorenci  is  precipitated  in  an  almost 
perpendicular  direction,  over  a  rock  of  the  height  of  216 
feet»  &lling,  where  it  touches  the  rock,  in  white  clouds 
of  rolling  foam  ;  and  underneath,  where  it  is  propelled 
with  ]iininterrupted  gravitation,  in  numerous  flakes,  like 
wool  or  cotton,  nhich  are  gradually  pro^t  acted  in  their 
dMceat,  until  t'aey  are  received  in  the  boiling,  profound 
abyss  below. 

<t  Viewcfi  from  the  suntu  it  ui"  the  c'iff,  from  whence 
they  are  thrown,  the  wattns,  with  every  concomitant 
circumstance,  produce  an  eftect  awfuUy  grand,  and  won- 
derfinlly  sublime.  The  prodigi(»us  depth  of  their  descent, 
the  brightness  and  volubility  of  their  course,  the  swiff 


-    ( 


nesB  of  their  movement  through  the  air,  and  the  loud 
ind  hollow  noise  emitted  ifom  the  basin,  swelling  with 
incessant  agitation  from  the  weight  of  the  dashing  waters^ 
Ibrcibly  combine  to  attract  the  attention,  and  to  impress 
with  sentiments  of  grandeur  and  elvation,  the  mind  of 
the  spectator.  The  clouds  of  vapor  arising,  and  assum- 
ing the  prismatic  colors,  contribute  to  enliven  the 
scene.  They  fly  off  from  the  fall  in  the  form  of  a  revolv- 
ing sphere,  emitting  with  velocity,  pointed  flakes  of 
spray,  which  spread  in  receding,  until  intercepted  by 
neighboring  banks,   or  dissohed  in  the  atmosphere. 

«  The  breadth  of  the  fall  is  one  hundred  feet.  The 
basin  is  bounded  by  steep  clif!s,  composed  of  grey  lime 
slate,  lying  in  inclined  strata,  which,  on  the  east  and 
west  sides,  are  subdivided  into  innumerable  thin  shivers, 
forming  with  the  horizon,  an  angle  of  foity-five  degrees, 
and  containing  between  them,  fibrous  gypsum  and 
pierre  a  calumet.*  Mouldering  incessantly,  by  exposure 
to  the  air,  and  to  the  action  of  the  weather — no  surface, 
for  vegetation  remains  upon  these  suostances." 

Eight  miles  above  Quebec  the  river  Chaudiere  emp- 
ties into  the  south  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence ;  and  four 
miles  from  its  mouth  there  is  a  beautiful  cataract  that 
also  deserves  attention. 

«  The  month  of  May  appears  to  be  the  most  advanta- 
geous period,  at  which  to  contemplate  this  interesting 
scene ;  the  approach  to  which  ought  first  to  be  made 
from  the  top  of  the  banks,  as  in  emerging  from  the  woods, 
it  conducts  at  once  to  the  summit  of  the  cataract, 

*  Soil  itoDe,  of  which  the  heads  of  pipes  arc  sooictiimn  fonnedl* 


.  ' 


1^ 


» J'-  :«»r^ 


1.1 


(    1»3-   ) 

where  Un;  objects  which  instantaneously  become  de- 
veloped to  the  eye,  strike  the  mind  with  surprise,  and 
produce  a  wonderful  and  powerful  impression. 

*<  The  waters  descend  from  a  height  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty  feet  ;*  and  being  separated  by  rocks,  form 
three  dilf^rent  cataracts,  the  largest  of  which  is  on  the 
westerii  side,  and  they  unite,  in  the  basin  beneath,  their 
broken  and  agitated  waves.  The  form  of  the  rock 
forces  a  part  of  the  waters  into  an  oblique  direction, 
and  advance?  them  beyond  the  line  of  the  precipice. 
The  cavities  worn  in  the  rocks,'  produce  a  pleasing 
variety;  and  cause  the  descending  waters  to  revolve 
with  foaming  fury,  to  whose  whiteness  the  gloomy  cliffs 
present  a  strong  opposition  of  color.  The  vapor  from 
each  division  of  the  fall?,  quickly  mounting  through 
the  air,  bestows  an  enlivening  beauty  on  the  landscape. 

J! 

<(  The  wild  diversity  displayed  l^y  the  banks  of  (he 
stream,  and  the  foliage  of  the  overhanging  woods,  the 
briliiancy  of  colors  lichly  contrasted,  the  rapidity  of 
uiiotiQn,.the  etfulgent  brightness  of  the  cataracts,  the 
deep  and  solemn  SQund  which  they  emit,  and  the  various 
cascade?  further  down  the  river,  anite  in  lendering  this 
such  a  pleasing  exhibition  ofw^atural  otjects,  as  few 
scenes  can  surpass. 

<»  On  descending  the  side  of  the  river,  the  landscape  be- 
conMt  consideiably  altered  ;  and  the  falls  appear  to 
great  advantage.  Mawes  of  rock,  and  elevated  points 
of  land  covered  with  trees,  together  with  the  smaller 
cascades  on  the  stream,  present  a  rich  assemblage,  ter- 


•  Tl>c  riar  ii  about  WO  }  ards  wide. 


(    tS3    T        ^ 

minat'ed  by  th«  falls.    The  scenery  in  proceeding  down 
the  river,  is  rugged  and  wild. 

«  Viewed  in  the  winter  season,  the  falls  exhibit  an  ap- 
pearance more  curious  than  pleasing ;  being,  for  the 
greatest  part  congealed ,  and  the  general  form  of  the 
congealed  masses,  is  that  of  a  concretion  of  icicles, 
which  resembles  a  cluster  of  pillars  in  gothic  architec- 
ture ;  and  may  not  improperly  be  compared  to  the  pipes 
of  an  organ.  The  spray  becomes  likewise  consolidated 
into  three  masses,  or  secretions  of  a  cone,  externally  con- 
vex, but  concave  towards  the  falls.  The  west  side,  be- , 
ing  usually  the  only  place  in  which  the  waters  flow,  the 
aspect  if  infinitely  inferior  to  tl.at  displaced  in  summer  ; 
and  the  sound  emitted,  is  comparatively  ^int.  The  sur- 
rounding objects,  covered  alike  with  snow,  present  one 
uniform  glare.  The  rocks,  and  the  bed  of  the  river, 
disguised  by  unshapely  white  masses,  produce  a  reflec- 
tion, which  gives,  even  to  the  waters  of  tlie  cataract, 
an  apparent  tinge  of  obscurity." 

Dwelling, — In  the  midst  of  the  low  ground  near  cape 
Tourment,  a  narrow  hill,  about  a  mile  in  liength,  and 
flatted  on  its  summit,  rises  to  the  height  of  100  feet.  A 
large  dwelling  house  and  chapel  is  placed  on  the  top, 
and  thither  the  ecclesiastics  of  the  seminary  of  Quebec, 
to  whom  this  land  belongs,  retire  in  the  summer. 

Lake. — Between  the  cape,  above  noted,  and  the  ad- 
joining mountains^a  lake  is  formed,  the  height  oi'  whose 
situation  is  about  400  feet  above  the  summit  of  the  St. 
Lawrence. 

Creek The  stream  of  water  called  Tm  Grand,  north- 

west  of  Quebec,  runs  for  a  considerable  distance  on  the 


(  1^^  ) 


m 


top  of  a  mountain,  which  it  700  feet  in  perpendicular 
elevation.  There  are  seven  falls  of  this  river,  which  arce 
nea^  to  each  other,  the  last  of  which  is  130  feet. 

/a//s.-— Through  the  parish  of  Chateau  Richer  flows 
the  small  river  La  Puce,  whose  source  is  in  the  moun* 
tains,  to  the  north  of.  the  St.  Lawrence.  In  thi^  stream 
there  ^re  several  romantic  falls 

In  ascending  the  river,  the  first  fall  is  112  feet,  and  the 
next,  2  miles  up,  appears  with  grandeur. 

The  landscape  which  environs  this  fall  is  grand  and 
romantic.  The  hanks  are  rugged,,  steep,  and  wild,  be- 
ing covered  with  a  variety  of  trees.  Below,  large  and  ir- 
regular  masses  of  limestone-rock,  are  piled  upon  each 
other.  Not  one  half  of  the  mountain  can  be  seen  by 
the  spectator,  when  stationed  by  the  side  of  the  river. 
The  wnole  of  the  waters  of  the  fall,  are  not  immediate- 
ly received  into  the  basin  beneath ;  but  a  hollow  rock, 
about  fifteen  feet  high  receives  a  part  which  glides  from 
thence,  in  the  form  of  %  section  of  a  sphere.  The  river, 
throughout  the  remainder  of  its  course,  is  solitary,  wild, 
and  broken ;  and  presents  other  scenes  worthy  of  ob- 
servation. 

In  va^n  would  the  labors  of  art  endeavor  to  produce 
in  the  gardens  of  palaces,  beauties,  which  the  hand  of 
nature  scatters  in  the  midst  of  u^nfiequented  wilds.  Th^ 
river,from  about  one  fourth  of  the  height  of  the  mour« 
tain,  discloses  itself  to  the  contemplation  of  the  specta* 
tor ;  and  delights  the  eye  with  various  masses  of  shining 
foam*  whic)i,  suddenly  issuingfrom  a  deep  ravine  hollow^ 
cd  out  by  the  waters,  glide  down  the  almost  perpendicu* 


(  1^  ) 

larroek,  and  form  a  splendid  curtain,  ivhich  loses  itself 
amid  the  foliage  of  surrounding  woods.  ' 

FopuicUion.-^Th\s  is  reckoned  at  220,000,  the  greater 
part  of  whom  are  French.  There  are  but  few  Indians 
in  Lower  Canada,  perhaps  not  more  than  5,000  of  all 
descriptions,  the  most  of  whom  reside  in  the  upper  part 
df  the  province. 

Learning. — But  very  few  of  the  inhabitants  of  Lower 
Canada  are  well  educatdd.  When  Canada  fell  into  the 
bands  of  the  British,  not  a  tenth  part  of  the  me^^  and 
women  could  read  in  any  book ;  some  more  iCion 

has  been  paid  to  learning  since  that  time,  yet  the  people 
in  general  are  very  ignorant. 

There  are  ft  few  seminaries  of  learning  in  Quebec, 
and  one  in  Montreal,  though  the  students  are  taught  in 
the  French  language.  Several  convents  of  nuns  are 
established  in  the  province,  at  which  the  different 
branches  of  literature  are  taught-^also  music  and  paint- 
ing. 

Moral*- — ^The  inhabitants  in  general,  seem  to  have  an 
impressive  sense  of  the  obligation  of  iusti<:e  in  tl^eir  in> 
tereourse  with  each  other,  and  all  mankind.  Perhaps 
there  a«>e  as  few  actions  brought  into  court,  for  the  recov. 
cry  of  debts  in  this  province  as  in  any  other  pkce.  They 
are  also  very  kind  (as  far  as  I  have  seen)  to  strangers, 
especially  if  they  are  in  4^^^^^^*  '^^^  sabbath,  and 
roany  other  holy  days,  are  regarded  with  much  respect 
and  punctuality. 

Religion, — Almost  all  the  people   in  Lower  Canada, 

that  have  come  to  the  years  of  maturity,  are  professors 

of  religion,  and  are  of  the  Roman  Catholic  order. 

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HiotDgrafiiic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WnUTIR.N.Y.  )4SM 

(7U)Sn-4»03 


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|(   t86    ) 


There  atriMi^  hundred  aiid  thirty  ^htircbes  built  fer 
the  Catholic*,  seven  convents,  and  one  hundred  and 
ninety  secular  and  regular  priests,  and  one  bishop ;  there 
«re  also  sixteen  etergyroen  of  the  Church  of  England, 
and  one  bishop ;  besides  some  Presbyterians,  Baptists, 
Methodists  and  Quakers-^ll  of  whom  enjoy  freedom 
of  conscience,  without  interruption. 

The  Roman  Catholic  clergy  of  the  province,  are  more 
cUi^tinguished  by  devotion,  benevolence  and  inoffensive 
conduct,  and  humanity,  than  they  are  by  learning  or 
genius.  They  are  regular  and  ri^d  in  the  practice  of 
tjieir  religious  ceremonies*  and  more  devout,  with  pei> 
hapa  less  bigotry,  than  the  ecclesiastics  of  any  other 
country  where  the  same  religion  prevails. 
*  The  French  language  is  spoken  in  Lower  Canada ; 
and  the  business  of  the  courts  is  done  in  both  English 
«Ud  French. 

Manners. — The  inhabitants  of  Lbwer  Canada  are 
generally  honest,  hospitable,  religious,  inoffensive,  and 
tminformed ;  possessing  much  simplicity  of  manners, 
modest  and  civil ;  indolent,  attached  to  ancient  preju- 
dices, and  limited  in  their  exertions  to  an  acquisition  of 
the  necessaries  of  life,  they  neglect  the  conveniencies. 
Their  propensity  to  a  state  of  inaction,  retains  many  of 
them  in  poverty ;  but  as  their  wants  are  circums.cribed, 
they  are  happy.  Contentment  of  mind,  and  mildness 
of  dispositiou,  seem  to  be  the  leading  features  in  their 
character.  Thtir  address  to  strangers  is  more  polite 
and  unembarrassed,  than  that  of  any  other  peasantry  in 
the  world. 

Many  of  the  women  are  handsome  when  young; 


(  rt7  ) 

themsehrM  dn  kU  occasions  toth«  influence  of  thife 
tveathet,  they  sboik  become  of  a  jrtsDdirfaTiey  anddfa 
itiaEsctilittB  fbrm.  Thty  ate,  with  some  degree  of  jttitic^, 
taxed  with  ingratitude.  This  may  pei^hlpi  pifOce^ 
ffotntheitufttutiit  levity^  which  hieikpacttat«ft  the  mind 
from  receiving  a  sufficient  impt^sion  of  obK^tiotii 
hestoWekl  ;*  yet  they  are  ju»t  in  their  dealfAgft. 

iHoMions I^^thaps  th«  inhibltants  Hfttw^it  Cm^ 

da  pay  as  little  attention  to  formal  diver^idhs,  ai  ahy  pe6- 
pie  in  the  Wdrld.  Hre^s,  which  is  regafd^  ih  the  ihost 
of  p6lished  nations  a^  an  Ofniftient^  and  pHded  In  as  ft 
diversion,  f^cifives  but  very  little  ifttentiort  here,  aiid  l>ut 
tin  lately,  no  Eurdp^rt  smfl&  Hfttb  nsed  at  att.  0&nb)n| 
and  sleighing  in  the  winter,  appear  to  be  the  olily  di- 
versions that  the  pe6ple  are  attached  to. 

/fisfory.— In  the  year  U97,  Lower  Canada  Waft  d%l- 
cbvered  by  JdhA  Cftbot,  a  V^itlan,  in  the  service  of 
the  English. 

In  1334,  James  Cartier,  a  Frenchman,  under  com- 
mission of  Francis  I.  explored  the  gulph  of  St.  Law- 
rence, and  the  nes^  year  ascended  the  river,  and  wint- 
ered at  St.  Croix,  where  he  erected  a  wooden  cross. 

In  1603,  a  patent  for  an  exclusive  trade  was  ^nted 
to  Sieur  de  Monts,  whb  employed  Champlain  to  make 
farther  discoveries  in  Canada. 

in  1608,  Champlain  'sailed  up'the  St.  Lawrence  as 
far  as  a  strait,  called  by  the  fndiitat,  Quebec,  which  is 
the  mouth  of  Sore Irker,  whftre  on  the  3d  of  July  ,he 


H^HeriaU 


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n 


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1 1*.' 


i  m  ) 

i^egan  to  build,  and  here  he  passed  the  following  winter* 
A^  this  time  t|ie  settlement  of  Canada  commenced. 

in  1628,  a  company  of  rich  merchants,  one  hundred 
and  seven  in  number,  was  established  by  patent  for  an 
exclusive  trade.  /        r 

-This  company  acquired  a  right  of  soil  in  1642;  but 
their  charter  was  revoked  in  1663. 

In  1629,  Quebec  was  taken  by  the  English,  under 
sir  David  K^tli^;  and  surrendered  to  the  Frencb'^by  the 
treaty  of  St*  Ckniiain. 

In  1690,  sir  William  Phipps,  with  an  armament  from 
l^oston,  ma<)iean  unsuccessful  attack  upon  Quebec. 

Qn  September  13,  1759,  an^English  army  under 
general  WoUe,  made  a  successful  attack  on  Quebec, 
which  surrendered  on  the  Itith. 

In  1760,  the  whole  province  of  Canada  surrendered 
to  general  Amherst,  and  was  confirmed  to  Great  Bri- 
tain by  the  treaty  of  1763,  under  whose  dominion  it  has 
lfiii««  continued.  « 


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Skua^onandExtefU. — New- Brunswick  lays  betfli^een  45^ 
•ntl48,4lsn6rthktit;tlde,  and  between  65  and  ?^0  de- 
grees of  we«t  longitude;  be^ng  aboat  230  miles  long, 
from  noith  tO'febafK;  Hd^lSf)  btt>ad,  from  east  to  #est.v 

j9ou7Rlary.->New- Brunswick  is  boundiefd  on  thceail' 
by  the  bays  of  Miramichi  and  Chalcur,  being  part  of 
atkt  gulph  of  the  St. Lawrence;  on  the  north,  by  the 
river  St  Lawrence  ;  on  the  w68t,  by  the  District  of 
Maine,  and  on  the  south,  by  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  wdich 
divides  it  from  Nova  Scotia.       ' 

Surface. — New-Brunswick  is  by  no  means  a  mounta- 

neous  country  ;  yet  it  contains  many  considerable  bilbr. 

Near  the  Bayof  Fundy,  ind  all  the  irl«fri|^tt^^^^^ 

is  quite  level  and  clear  of  stone  ;  blit  all  um  x^l^'i^ 

both  broken  and  stony.    Thw  is  also  a  coniUMible 

part  of  this  country  overflowed  with  shallovtr  ponds  of 

water ;  and  marshes  and  twimps  are  numerous. 

L4 


■M 


i 


msm 


im  ) 

'^  SoiLr^Ti^'vi  4ii&r9nt  i^  different  {^rts  of  th^  coun- 
try. On  th^riyer  ]bpU;Qni9,  the  land  is  much  better 
tl^an  would  be  expected  ija  suj^^h  9,  climate  ;  it  if  s^  |ich, 
Uaclc  mould,  miiLed  with  some  light  sand.:  In  the  val- 
Jiie»  ^ff  frjE>^  tfa^e  nvers,  it  is  generally  sand  and '^|u^ 
clay*  wi|h^?ome  sand  a^d  gravel,.  ,  ^  ,      ^  ^  *4§, ,  ,^ 

€limiaie^:^r{Xk^&  is  very  mu^  yke  that  of  Nova  pf^e^ia, 
though  96t  so  subj<e<;t  to  fogs ;  the  air  is  diyer,  of 
cpurs«  i|  doese  nc4^  s^fiect^th^  human  system  «o  much  by 
iohi^uetMijgi^frf^i^ioo^^l  therefore,  with  propriety, 
iNBc^on^  more  l))e^lthy  than  Nova  $cotia. 
.     ]^c^lM^  are     not    numerous, 

Sotn«f;|fftrts  of  the  country  ft0€rd  fine  grass.  The  tim- 
ber is  not  generally  large,  yet  there  j^  some  worth  no- 
tice on  the  riveiP  St»,John:  leasts  have  been  got  of  a 
goi^d  sijB^  and  quality. 

The  wild  fruits  found  here  are,  cranberries,  plumbs, 
c^rab^pples,  cherries,  6itryis%l^erries,  and  butter-nuts; 
w|th  several  other  sorts  of  less  note. 

^Q^mff;^/#.-*Tbesieare  very  scarce,  except  those  of  the 
Ur  kiMi  iKhiclvAr^  plenty  enpugh,  Som^  doer  and 
hear  iim  also  found  ;  with  a  feyir  hares  and  squirrels. 

Jjc^kei.'^Thert  are  Aot  many  lakes  of  note  in  this 
province.    In  the  north  part,,  thece  is  a  small  lake,  from 
which  the  very  head  bnui^h  of  the  river  St.  John  is- 
tMm;  i^vt  calltd  by  awe  tfie  Fumiitain  Lake. 
■^  Gr0mt^l4akef  mK  thi^  livf r,  St  John,  is  30mUes 

, Jl9ii§r#nd^l0  wide,  Mid  iriO  ikthomi deep.        ^..^  ^ 
^nDJ^^Mil  aiMHhir  ^Mm^WJi^  called  JMatapdkuih ; 
%9  also  Tomitcuata. 


(    191    > 

Rivers, — These  are  quite  numerous  ;  the  principal  pS 
which  are,  the  St  Johns,  Risconge,  Nipiseguit, 

The  St.  Johns  is  the  largest  river  in  the  province  ; 
it  rises  in  th^  north  part  of  the  country,  (as  alreadf 
noted,)  iiot  far  from  the  St.  Lawrence^  and  runs  a 
south-east  course,  and  after  receiving  a  great  number  of 
tributary  streams,  by  which  it  is  much  augmented,  falls 
into  the  north  (side  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  To  measure 
its  meandering^s,  it  is  360  miles  long,  and  is  navigable 
for  vessels  of  fifty  tons,  60  miles,  and  fdr  large  boats 
upwards  of  200  miles.  Up  this  stream  is  the  common 
route  to  Quebec.  This  river,  like  the  Nile  of  Egypt^ 
overflows  its  banks,  and  enriches  the  surrounding  soil. 
The  tide  flows  in  this  river  90  miles  up^  above  the  great 
falls.    It  abounds  with  fish  of  various  kinds. 

The  river  Resconge  emptie3  into  the  Chaleur  Bay» 
and  isbut  shorjt. 

Nipiseguit  River  heads  in  two  branches,  and  runs  a 
north-east  coucse,  into  the  Miramichi  Bay.* 

The  river  St.  Croix  is  quite  large,  and  einpties  into 
the  Passamaquoddy  Bay,  &nd  forms  apart  of  the  bound- 
ary between  this  province  and  the  District  of  Maine. 

The  Kenectoct,  Coemigun,  Caectgut,  and  Cobeguit,  in 

the  county  of  Hfnts,  are  rivers  of  less  note,  falling  into 

the  river  Avon,  which  empties  into  the  Miramichi  Bay. 

■     The  Percuid,  Canai4t  CornwalliB,  and  Saknon  Biv9rs, 

in  the  county  of  iting,  Are  of  some  note. 

An  Lac,  Mareguesk,  La  Bianche,  Napcm,  Mc^con^ 
Memrem,  Pefc&n4ia,  Cktfodie^iid  ilerbert,'m  tht  county 

*  Thii  ii  mnetimfi  salM  the  Avon,  or  Pi|iiifiuiti 


h 
Ii 


m 


1 


(    192    > 


¥ 


:l    I 


^  Cumberland,  are  all  rivers  of  some  note,  and  niostly 
run  into  the  head,  or  cast  end  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy*     ^ 

All  these  rivers  abound  with  fish,  and  animals  of  the 
f^rkind. 

i  The  river  tattegou^,  tttid  the  Madatlxmha,  ein{>ty 
into  the  St.  Johns,  above  the  great  fiills. 

^orltfrt.'^There  are  a  number  of  excellent  harbors 
in  NewoBninswick.  The  Kay  of  Fundy,:and  Passa^ 
i^f^^uoddy  Bay,  afiord  maAy. 

<  For ^40  ibiles  up  the  river  St.  Johns,  there  ate  a  num- 
b«f  that  lire  safe  and  capacious  ;  as^also  at  the  mouth  of 
other  riverSyf  that  empty  into  the  bays  of  the  gnlph  St. 
X<awreii6e.  -    .v  ;w.» 

H^isA.^-rAll  the  rivers  and  bays  abound  ^th  fyth, 
though  salmon  and  bass  are  the  most  numerous  and 
bf^;  theibrmer  generally  weigh  from  twelve  to  twenty 
pounds.  Sturgeon  are  also  found  here  in  great  ^enty^ 
as  weli  as  mackerel,  herring  and  cod^ 

JMoM-'—Two  distinct  tribes  are  found  herd,  the  31hk'^ 
macit  and  Mcarcehkn,  The  former  inhabit  the  land  be. 
tween  Cumberland  county  and  the  north-east  shore^ 
joining  the  Chaleur  Bay,  on  the  vvers  Napan,  Macan^ 
Munrem,  and  others ;  they  have  250  fighting  nien.  The 
ilhreehket  live  on  the  river  St.  John,  and  are  a  smalt 
tribe 

When  this  country  Wi«  ftrst  setUed  by  white  ptople, 
the  Indians  wer^^«Ktife  numerous;  but,  at  present  thek 
number  is  quite  small  i  a  circumstance  that  Iws  always 
transpired,  whei« -white  people  have  settled  their  eoun^ 
try. 

V^hget.'^'thtse  are  not  numerous  lior  large. 


(  »^  ) 


A. 


Ff«^nViWoi»»'  18  s^at^  ofttKetiver  St,  JoHfi,'  about 
90  miles  from  its  mouth.    It  contains  about  230  houses /^ 
and  is  a  place  of  some  trade.    It  is  Che  capital  of  New- 
Brunswick,*  ^  •    y^i 

Comwallis  and  Howe,  on  the  same  river,  are  small 
villages.  ^  .a. 

St,  John  and  ^Si^  Andrew's,  are  two  of  the  largest  in 
theprovince,  ' 

Fortifications. — These  are  Cumberland,   Howe,'  iiid" 
barracks,  enclosed  in  a  stockade  at  Corn  wallis. 

Agriculture  — The  most  of  the  inhabitants  of  New-  ^ 
Brunswick  are  engaged  in  the  fisheries,^  Catc|iing  fur,  • 
and  rafting  timber ;  of  course  but  little  attention  is  pard'^ 
to  the  raising  of  gtain,  or  the  breeding  of  cattle ;  nor 
indeed  would  it  be  the  most  profitable  emploVmeiit  iiS;  ' 
this  province.     However,  there  is  a  considerable  quati^ 
tity  of  grain  raised  on  the  river  St  John,  and  the  bay  of . 
Fundy.       Hemp,  flax,  and  peas  do  tolerably  on  the  ' 
river  bottoms.     Potatoes  thrive  as  well  heiie  as  in  any 
part  of  North  America.     Apples  and  pears  grow  here,  ^^ 
though  not  to  much  perfection.       Clover,  dnd   ^-her 
grass,  flouiish  and  do  well  here.     Slheep,    mules,  a  id 
horned  tattle  do  well  in  this  province.  ^^ 

Commerce — This  consists  ii|  timber,  fur,  and  fish; 
large  quantities  of  the  former,  chiefly  boards,  are  trans, 
ported  to  the  Cast  indies^  and  which  has  of  late  been  a 
profitable  trade;  as  the  game  vessels  that  took  the  tim.*^ 
ber,  brought  back  the  valuable  produce  of  th9tf  rCinoi*' 
tries,  which  is  general^  sold  cheap. 


The  lei^ilstiir^  of  tlM»  province  m«ct  hnt. 


(    »9*    ) 

"  Settlemeftb»'^These  we  chiefly  epnfincdio  the  banks 
of  the  rivers.  They  extend  from  the  mouth  of  St.  Johns 
to  the  head.  The  settlements  are  thick  on  the  borden 
of  Chaleur  Bay ;  people  have  not  settled  here  on  account 
of  the  superior  quality  of  the  land,  but  for  the  benefit  of 
fhfe  fisherief.  The  settlements  are  also  thick  on  the 
BayofFundy. 

Civii  iKuision«.— NeW'Brunswick  is  divided  into  four 
coubties :  viz.  Cumberland,  Hants,  Stmbury,  and  Kings, 
aind' eighteen  townships. 

'fkf^umherland  lays  at  the  south-east  part  of  the  province, 
jb^ffi^  the  Itek^l  of  Fundy,  and  contains  Ave  townships; 
nhOtt^SBfiand,  Sackvilk,  Amherst,  Hillsborough,  and 
Hof^mli.  These  townships  are  now  chiefly  settled  by 
people^om  New  England  and  New  York. 

Kings  \9iyi  to  the  north-west  of  Cumberland,  and  is 
divided  into  two  townships :  viz.  Comwallis  and  HorUm, 

Hants  is  still  to  the  north.west,  joining  the  Chalear 
Bay,  and  contains  three  townships :  viz*  JVtndsor,  JtaU 
mouth  and  Newport, 

Sunbury  lays  on  the  north  shore  of  the  Bay  of  Fun. 
dy,  and  extends  up  the  river  St.  Johns  a  great  distance, 
and  contains  eight  townships :  viz.  Conway,  Gage-town, 
button,  Sunbury,  St.Jnns,  WiUnwt,  Isewton,  and  Mau, 
gervilk.  These  townships  are  settled  mostly  with  peo* 
pie  from  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut. 

Water  Navigation, — ^This  is  quite  extensive,  as  the  pro* 
vince  is  washed  on  three  sides  by  water,  besides  the  nu. 
nierous  rivers  that  flow  from  the  interior. 

The  river  Pencau  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  40  tons  7 
miles  upb  ' 


Catfl^t  tUoer,  in  tfi«  county  of  Hants^  i^  0|yigabk 
40  miles  up  for  vessels  of  sixty  tons, 

Annapolis  Bkver  is  navigable  for  ships  12.  miles  up* 
The  tide  flows  herje  30  miles,  and  it  i^  boatable  for  70 
miles*  Several  otl^er  rivers  ,ai;e  j^q^a|;ablf  hr  a  considera* 
ble  distance  up  the  counti-y.  Vessels  of  fifty  tons  pai^ 
up  the  river  St.  Johns  for  60  miles,  and  }^^g^  fapats.S^OO 

or  more. 

■■■■  •  '  1  ■ 

The  river  St,  John^  already  noted,  af&rdsuaii  extensive 
inland  navigation,  as  the  tide  flows  90  m^Ies  ffom ,  its 
mouth,  and  will  carry  large  sloops  that  di^tantpc^^ji^l^ 
boats  of  considerable  size  may  go  lQO^B(]^e^^f)^rt||er»:«^^^<  /^^^^ 

Some  of  the  lakes  also  afford  a  vei^j%x^aWe  ii^viga?> 


':i 


tion. 


r    Sf' 


'-:  *^«^ft'-4.-K-?A!. 


.•■f< 


.WjW  ft*. 4  .-^i>^«.;: 


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irf-f^'if,'  f. 


-i   .,  '"U 


.,:^Jfc  ;;';J--- 


*» . 


nn^$ui^$. 


.»« 


Ttf£i|C  are  not  numerous  in  New.Brunswick, 
yet  t!i€  follovitig  may  be  note! : 
*  Ncar^theVlibre  of  Chaleur  Bay  may  be  seen  tbe  rock 
Perce.'  It  is  perforated  in  tbree  places,  in  the  form  of 
arcbes ;  through  the  centre  and  largest  of  which,  a  boat 
with  sails  set,  may  pass  with  great  facility.  This  rock, 
which  at  a  distance  exhibits  the  appearance  of  an  aque- 
duct in  ruins,  rises  to  the  height  of  200  feet.  Its  length, 
which  at  present  is  400  yards,  must  have  been  once 
much  greater,  as  it  has  evidently  been  wasted  by  the 
sea,  and  by  the  frequent  impulse  of  storms. 

The  shelLhsh  procured  in  the  month  of  August,  from 
the  rivers,  and  from  their 'mouths  near  the  coast,  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Bay  of  Chaleurs,  are  so  highly  impreg- 
nated with  a  poisonous  quality,  as  to  occasion  almost  in- 
stantaneous death  to  those  who  eat  them.  The  cause  of 
this  circumstance  remains  yet  to  be  ascertained.  The 
j^eater  the  diminution  of  these  ijvers  tha  stronger  the 
poison  of  the  shells. 

At  the  head  and  on  the  shores  of  Chaleur  Bay,  which 
penetrates  into  the  province  %  considerable  distance, 
may  be  seen  in  the  midst  of  winter,  spots  of  several  acres 


:A 


(197    J 


f/T' 


entirely  bare,  and  yet  surrounded  with  snow  seven  feet 
deep;  even  the  trees  that  grow  on  this  ground,  which 
are  chiefly  ever-greens,  are  clear  of  snow  also.  It  is 
thought  that  this  is  occasioned  by  subterraneous  heat. 

Population, — Like  Nova  Scotia,  New-J3runswick  is 
not  as  populous  as  formerly.    Of  late  years  the  iriluibi- 
tants  have  moved  to  Upper  Canada,  where  the  land  aitd^ 
climate  is  much  better. 

At  present  the  province  contains  abotit  46jOPO  inhabi- 
tants of  all  descriptions.  V 

Promiscuous  remarks  on  the  govermnent^^-^'NeW'^nna- 
wick,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Newfoundland  ar^  all  subject  td' 
the  authority  of  the  governor  of  Lower  Canada;  hap 
have  lieutenant  governors  that  act  under  his  direction. 

The  reader  will  see  the  nature  of  this  government  by 
turning  to  that  article  in  the  description  of  Upper  Can. 
ada. 

Morak, — The  morals  of  the  people  of  this  province 
are  tolerably  good,  and  have  improved  much  of  late 
years,  since  a  number  of  Quakers  and  Presbyterians  have 
moved  there  from  the  New  England  States. 

In  the  vicinity  of  the  coast,  and  where  the  inhabitants 
are  mostly  employed  in  fishing,  and  of  coutse  are  thickly 
settled,  their  manners  are  quite  rough ;  yet  even  these 
are  represented  as  being  benevolent,  and  remarkably 
kind  to  strangers. 

Religion. — For  a  number  of  years  after  the  settlement 
of  this  province,  the  people  paid  very  little  attention  to 
religion,  nor  were  there  any  preachers  in  the  place,  ex- 
cept a  few  Catholic  priests,  and  at  times  an  Episcopalian 
missionary. 


'f  £'1  jt^,  v.  ,i '.-'''  ■-• 


(       l^i       ) 

e  (here  has  been  more  attention  paid  to  it;  Me. 
tKodists,  Baptists,  Quakers,  and  several  other  denomina. 
tains  are  now  quitjp  numerous.  About  the  years  1810-11, 
there  was  a  considerable  revival  among  the  Baptists  on 
tKe  river  St.  John,  Which  are  the  most  numerous  sect 
at  present. 


*/<■ 


«  >•■' 


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ml 

'   .'SI 


OflSCRIFllOsr 


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4)t>4  ^.(nU* 


iHtuatum  and  £jfCfi/.^Nova  ScotU  lays  between  48 
and  46  degrees  of  north  latitude,  it  is  bounded  north  by 
New-Brunswick,  west  by  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  south 
and  east  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean — is  about  212  miles 
east  north  east  from'  Boston.  It  is  250  miles  long,  from 
south-west  to  north*east,  and  100  broad.  » 

Surface, — There  are  no  mountains  of  note  in  Nova 
Scotia,  yet  whe  country  is  tolerable  uneven,  abounding 
with  stony  hills,  especially  near  the  shores.  The  hill 
on  the  side  of  whi<^  Halifax  is  built,  is  the  highest  in  the 
country,  being  330  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

ii^ott— The  soil  of  N(#va  Scotia  is  very  poor  near  the 
shores,  but  tolerable  good  in  the  interior,  and  oi|  tile 
rivers.  There  i#  a.  considerable  quantity  of  land  on 
each  side  of  all  the  streaiM  that  rnn  into  the  Bay  of 
Fundy,  which  is  very  good  after  it  is  dyked  ;  U  it  mich 
Uke  thf  net  grounds  in  BovUi  CiroUna. 


if] 


p 


(    200    ) 

Clvnaie.^l^his  is  much  more  favorable  than  might  be 
expected. 

Winter  sets  in  h^re  aboiit  the  10th  of  October,  and 
ends  the  10th  of  May,  after  which  the  growth  of  vege- 
tation is  quite  rapid,  as  the  weather  is  warmer  here  in 
summer  tjiaii  fartner  to  the  south. 

,  ^[^^  country,  like  Newfoundland,  is  quite  subject  to 
s^^s  and  hurricanes  ;  it  is  also  considerably  over- 
spTiead  with  fogs  ior  several  months  in  the  year. 
^  'Jj'he^^P9^  generally  lays  for  several  months  in  the 
,year,'tt^m  four  to  six  feet  deep,  yet  the  air  is  not  re- 
markably cqld* 

Natural  Productions. — The  natural  productions  of  this 
country  are  but  few,  especially  in  herbs, 
^v  Th^  timber  of  the  forests  are,   hemlock,  which  is 
quite  large;    spruce-pine,  birch,  and  several  kinds  of 
sm^ll  ever-greens.  ,,,.-.^„ 

Whortleberries,  crab-apples,  and  cranberries,  are  al- 
so found  here  in  considerable  quantities* 
/^  There  are  lai  ge  salt  marshes  in  this  country,  which 
produce  an  abundance  of  excellent  hay,  though  but  lit- 
tle is  gathered  by  the  inhabitants. 

Mines* — I'hese  are  considerable,  and  quite  valuable, 
particularly  those  of  plaister  ol  Paris,  which  are  found  in 
many  places,  and  of  a  very  good  quality ;  great  quanti- 
ties of  which  formerly  came  to  the  United  States,  where 
it  h^  been  used  to  very  great  advantage* 
,^  There  are  alsp  very  valuable  mines  of  limestone,  coal, 
'^.loidiron  ore,  in  diiferent  places  in  Nova  Scotia. 

^imais, — When  Nova  2P>cotla  wa»  first  discovered, 
it  abounded  in  animals  of  almost  every  kind,  especially 


(    SOI    ) 


with  elks  ;  but  such, was  the  propensity  of  its  first  inhn- 
bicants  for  the  chace,  that  in  a  few  years  all  kinds  of  ani* 
mals  became  very  scarce,  and  finally  have  long  since 
been  extirpated,  except  those  which  took  refuge  in  the 
water,  and  even  these  are  now  seldom  to  be  seen.- 

It  is  related  in  the  history  of  the  place,  thiit' great 
numbers  of  elkl,  and  other  large  animals,  were  kHieii  by 
the  French,  for  no  other  purpose  but  that  of  <c^)tii9^^ 
ment,  and  of  exercising  address  in  the  chase.      * '  ^V^'t 

It  appears  that  no  place  in  the  world,  aboutided  moi« 
uith  beaver  than  Nova  Scotia  once  did,  insonmch  that 
atone  time,  the  market  in  France  was  overstocked  wRh 
them,  though  of  the  best  kind. 

Lakes, — There  is  but  one  lake  of  note  in  Nova  Scotia, 
which  is  Lake  Pasaignal,  20  miles  from  Annapolis. 

Hivers, — These  are  Skebenaeedie,  Pitcoudiag,  and 
Memrencoot,  in  the  county  of  Halifax,  which  are  boata- 
ble. 

Annapolis  River,  Which  empties  into  Annapolis  Bay, 
is  navigable  for  vesseU  of  one  hundred  tons,  16  miles, 
and  for  boats,  60.    The  tide  flows  30  miles. 

There  are  also  a  number  of  smaller  rivers  in  this 
province. 

Harbors.-^'There  are  several  fine  harbors  in  Nova 
Scotia  ;  that  of  Halifax,  which  is  situated  near  the  mid- 
dle, is  the  most  noted,  and  is  quite  Urge;  it  is  formed  by 
the  Bav  of  Chebucto.         <      i> 

The  next  harbor  of  note^  which  is  nearer  to  Boston, 
is  Chester,  formed  by  a  large  bay  of  the  same  name.  ,  ^^t 

The  De»t  is  Lunenburg,  to  the  west;  after  which  lUc 


I 


,  ii 


(    202    ) 

^  <;teds  lAuerpdol  aiid  Pari  Roteway^  hear  tlte  weift  ekid ; 
aU  of  which  are  very  good  harbors,  and  open  to  the  east. 
in  sailing  iTom  Boston  to  Cape  Sable,  which  is  the 
wdst  end  of  Nova  Scotia^  you  pass  on  your  left,  the 
,  mouth  jS  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  which  exteneis  into  the 
countty nearly  half  its  length;  it  is  very  wide  at  its 
tm0g  but  tapers  off  into  two  po  nts,  the  one  turning 
i|<|li|i]^in  New- Brunswick,  and  the  other  east. 

li^e  tide  rises  higher  here,  perhaps,  than  in  any 
^hyer  place  in  ^orth  America :  it  ofteen  exceeds  50 
fcet 
^il^.»There  are  several  kinds  of  fish  taken  in  the 
,  jivers  and  bays  of  Nova  Scotia,  but  those  of  the  codfibh 
4re  the  best  end  most  numerous  ;  salmon,  bass  and 
tnackerel,  are  also  excellent,  and  very  plenty. 

Im6am.'^Thert  are  but  few  of  these  in  Nova  Scotia; 
wliat  there  are,  are  tolerably  civilised,  and  attend  to 
.  the  business  of  fishing. 

These  Indians  are  of  th^  Micmaeht.Md  inhabit  the 
,  western  sbore^  between  Halifax  and  Cape  Breton,  and 
detween  Cape  Sable  and  Annapolis ;  they  have  about 
S50  warrion. 

VUiaget.'^Skelbume  is  situated  on  Port  Roseway  Bay, 
already  heted,  near  the  west  end  of  the  country,  and 
eontains  about  300  families,  at  present.  Mr  Melish 
•tys,  it  «  was  remarkable  as  being  the  greatest  resort  of 
the  lories,  during  the  revolutionary  war  ;*'  and  also  ob* 
^4||cyes,  that  <«in  17$3^  it  oonUined  six  hundred  fami- 

^YmmmHh  Is  situlited  rather  on  the  west  side  or  end  of 
Nbvm  Sootia^  ott  the  shore  el  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  near 


w*^ 


the  friotifh.  tt  eantaihs  aibdut  oAe1i^kilt«l  liibtfiiar,  lill 
is  a  p^ace  of  coinsidembie  trade. 

La*'><'fp'  01  hvA  ofi  the  eadt  side  6f  the  bkjr  already 
noted,  it  contains  two  hundfed  hooses»  i(hd  about 
twelve  hundred  inhabitants,  chieHy  from  the  United 
Statr's.  •  ■■'    "^   '^   ■ 

Jitnftiiolis  coniains  ab6iit  120  houses,  and  is  i^itiikated 
<>n  the  west  s?de  ot  the  harbor  of  Ltinenburg^  Ivhich 
opens  to  the  south  It  was  a  place  of  cbtisiderable  trade, 
and  was  chiefly  carried  on  with  Ea^tpdrt,  if^tl^Xlis- 
trice  of  Mail  e.  by  exchanging  fish  for  grain,  bedPa«4 
East-India  j/i'odnce.  v  If^a* 

Chester  is  situated  still  farther  to  the  east,  ^  Ch^ter 
Bay,  and  is  a  small  villa  .ve  ot  some  trade.  v 

Hindwr  contain^  above  one  hundred  and  sixty  holHsef, 
and  is  situated  near  the  middle  of  Mova  Scotia,  oppo> 
site  to  Halifax,  on  the  east  ptoint  of  Windsor  Harbor, 
formed  by  an  inlet  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  It  is  Hot  a 
place  of  much  busitifeds. 

Truro  and  Onslow,  are  both  ftrnall  viHages,  situate  en 
the  extreme  north-east  point  of  the  Bay  of  Fuiidy, 
They  contain  about  fifty  houses  each,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants carry  on  a  considerable  trade.  * 

Guyiborougk,  on  Chedabttcto  Bay,  and  Bawdon,  «t« 
small. 

There  are  some  otlier  villages  in  Nova  Scotia,  whieb 
are  not  situated  on  the  water* 

Ci(ies.-^HaHf4tx  id  the  capital  of  Nttta  SebHa,  "Mtt, 
city  of  much  note  and  considerable  size.  It  coiifUni 
about  twehre  hundred  hooses  of  411  tocripttdlMf;^«nA 

M  t  ■^- 


u 


-i 


:| 


(    204    ) 


serenteen  thousand  inhabitants,  chiefly  European^.  It 
is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  Chebucto  Bay  which 
penetrates  into  the  middle  of  Nova  Scotia  a  considera- 
ble distance.  The  bay  extends  above  the  city  for  seve- 
ral miles.  It  is  built  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  the  top  of  which 
is  three  hdndred  and  twenty  feet  higer  than  the  level  of 
th«  sea.  The  streets,  several  of  which  are  paved,  cross 
eath  other  at  right  angles.  A  number  of  the  houses 
and  public  buildings  exhibit  considerable  beauty.  It 
is  occupied  by  the  British  as  a  naval  station  in  North 
America  **  on  which  account,"  Mr.  Melish  says,  <«  it  is 
an  object  of  great  importance  to  the  United  States. 

Fortifications. — There  are  several  fortifications  belong- 
ing to  Nova  Scotia.  That  of  Halifax  is  of  considera- 
ble note ;  the  whole  city  is  surrounded  with  an  entrench- 
ment and  is  strengthened  with  forts  of  timber. — Fort 
Edward  at  Windsor  is  a  place  of  considerable  note.  It 
is  come  at  by  sailing  near  the  north-east  end  of  the 
Bay  of  Ftindy. — iThere  is  also  a  fort  of  some  strength 
at  Annapolis,  on  the  north  side  of  Nova  Scotia,  at  the 
mouth  of  Annapolis  river,  where  it  empties  into  the 
Bay  of  Fundy. 

Comwallis  is  a  place  of  note  oals. 

Agriculture. — ^^But  little  attention  is  paid  to  agricul- 
ture in  Nova  Scotia,  as  the  land  in  general,  is  not  fertile — 
It  is  quite  stony  for  a  considerable  distance  from  the 
shores,  yet  there  is  some  tolerable  good  land  in  the  mid- 
dlt  of  the  country,  from  which  considerable  quantities 
of  grain  is  raised,  particularly  oats  and  peas.  Grass 
and  Hax  do  tolerable  well  here,  i^  al^o  potatoes,  which 
are  raised  in  considerable  plenty. 


(-,  WSJ 

•  Cwran^ce.— This  chiefly  consisU,al;  present,  iiifiib, 
plaistieir  of  Paiis,  and  some  timbo** 

Of  late  years  there  has  beep  a  considci^ble  number 
Qf  vessels  built  here  for  England,  and  which  was  foun4. 
profitable.  ,,.., 

There  is  also  a  considerable  quantity  of  timber  shipped 
from  here  to  the  East.lndies,  and  in  exchange  they 
receive  the  produce  of  those  countries,    ^     -  ..     ,k 

Settlements. — These  are  chiefly  on  the  shores  ,«f  the. 
country,  especially  those  on  the  east  side  i^i^t^.  to  the 
sea  ;  there  are  also  some  of  considerable  extent  !P|||^he; 
west  side,  joining  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and.  some  s^^U 
ones  in  the  interior. 

On  the  banks  of  several  rivers  there  are  quite  flourish* 
ing  settlements,  particularly  on  those  of  the  Annapc'Iis 
river. 

Civil  Divisions, — Nova  Scotia  is  divided  into  6ve 
counties,  and  thirty.one  townships.  ^  ^« 

Halifax  County  lays  in  ^he  south-east,  and  contaW 
nine  township^,  viz :  Tinmouth,  Canso,  Southampton, 
Lawrence,  Colchester,  Onslow,  Truro,  London  and 
Halifax, — all  these  townships  are  settled  with  Irish  and 
Scotch  from  New  England,  formerly  from  Yorkshire. 

Annapolis  County  lays  west  of  Hal'iikx,  and  contains 
Ave  townships,  viz  :  Willmot,  Granville,  (this  is  thirty 
miles  long,  rich,  and  thick  settled  on  the  Bay^of  Fundy) 
Annapolis,  Clare  and  Moncton. 

Queens  County,  on  the  Bay  of  fvn^y,  <;ontiin8  five 

townships,  viz :  Argyle,  Yarmouth,  Barrington,,Liver^ 

pool  and  Sable-Isle,  which  la^  a  Gonii^erable.distaiK^ 

ill  the  Atlantic,  settled  by  Quakers frofn  Naxjituckfl*^ 

M3  ' 


*  I 

1.' 

I;, 
(i 


l1 


t' 


^><a 


(    «06    ) 

f Voter  Namgatiofi^i^'YUis  is  qu^te  extensive-^Nova 
Scotia  is  almost  surrounded  Vfith  water,  tiaving  the 
Ailfantit  Ocesti  on  its  east  and  sotith  sides,  the  Bay  of 
t^iAidy  6n  the  west^  and  the  gut  of  Cctmo  on  the  north* 

'There  ore  also  a  great  number  of  ba^^i,  as  has  alreadj 
iiitA:  fidted,  i>»hich  extend  a  great  distance  intd  the 
eotlntry— these,  with  the  rivers,  afford  a  very  extensive 
lidvaintageous  navigation, 
'^jE%j92tl^bi>.— Nova  Scotia  was  once  more  populous 
fha^tt  is  i^ow.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  war  between 
^reslt  llf  itian  ind  the  United  States,  gr^at  numbers  of 
the  Americans y  who  had  taken  part  with  the  king  of 
Englahd,  and  whose  land  was  confiscated  by  the  Araeri- 
Citk  govemnient,  went  to  Novst  Scotia  by  the  king's  de. 
sire,  where  they  obtained  land  gratis,  at  which  time  and 
i  few  years  afterwards,  the  country  was  quite  populous. 
A)|f^  the  year  179  ,  the  king  offered  land  to  all  those 
(ei^^t^«(bove  description,  who  had  not  obtained  land  In 
N^wi'iS^tia,  upon^e  same  terms,  in  the  province  of 
Upper  Canada  ;  of  course  many  went,  some  returned 
to  the  United  States;  so  that  at  present  there  are  not  so 
many  inhabitants  in  Nova  Scotia  as  formerly. 

The  present  number  of  inhabitants  in  this  country  is 
ltb<lut  50,000,  exclusive  of  the  soldiery  and  a  few  Indians. 
>£i0dnim^.--^Comparative)y  speaking  there  is  but  little 
attention  paid  to  the  kcqmsition  of  learning  in  Nova  Sco- 
fitt,  ptrticuarty  fttnce  a  number  of  the  inhabitants  that 
want  there  from  the  United  States,  have  left  the  p'ace 
lorUpper  Canada  (as  tooted  above)  or  returned. 

In  tJKe  city  of  Halifax,  ftndsome  other  populous  places. 


♦ 


v«— Nova 
aving  the 
t»e  Bay  of 
te  north* 

is  aTreadj 

intd  Che 

extensive 

populous 
betiv«en 
imbers  of 
!  king  of 
e  Anieri< 
ing's  df. 
ime  juid 
opulous. 
ill  Chose 
land  In 
Hnce  of 
eturned 
i  not  so 

»ntrjr  U 
ndians. 
lit  tittle 

a  Sco- 
ts that 
c  p'acc 

)Iaces^ 


r^ 


( 


207 


) 


r 


schools  are  conducted  with  considerable  advantage;  but 
the  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  being  poor,  and  much 
engaged  in  6shing,  are  but  poorly  educated. 

Morals. — Nothing  can  be  said  in  favor  of  the  morals 
of  the  majority  of  the  people  of  Nova  Scotia;  like  all 
others  whose  business  of  life  calls  them  tO  mix  in  l^rge 
numbers  together,  they  are  very  loose  and  imp\ous  in 
their  conversation  with  one  another  ;  indeed  a  strauger 
is  not  safe  in  their  company,  especially  if  J^^  wij||  not 
JQin  them  in  ways  of  vanity.  , 

These  remarks  particularly  refer  to  those  who  arc  en- 
gaged in  the  fishciies  ;  for  notwithstanding  the  deplora- 
ble state  of  morals  among  the  generality  of  the  inhabit 
tants  of  Nova  Scotia «  there  are  a  considerable  nun^ber 
of  people  whose  conduct  and  conversation  are  very  ^dc. 
cent  and  orderly.  This  distinction  mostly  belongs  .  to 
the  natives  of  the  United  States,  and  the  richer  sort  of 
Europeans.   ■  '-  .  ■■'V^B^.-  ■ 

>  The  generality  of  the  people  are  quite  given:  ta'acfci^  of 
bospilality;  the  hungry  stranger  or  destitute  traveller 
will  always  here  meet  with  friends. 

:^MeUgion — The  same  causes  that  produce  badness  of 

noraJs  occasion  a  disregard  to  religious  obligations,  of 

coarse  the  people  of  Nova  Scotia  are  not  generally  reli* 

gioos.    This  country  was  once  a  place  of  much  religious 

instruccion ;  a  number  of  missionaries  from  England, 

and  other  places,  visited  these  parts*-|>ut  those  times 

ere  past.  •  ►  ^.. 

/Tts^ory.— Nova  Scotia  was  discovered  as  early  a?  the 

year  1497,  which  was  317  years  ag«,  .by  John  Xi^abot, 

an  Englishman.      About  70  years  afterwards,  some 

M4 


1*1 


f    20*    ) 


French  latided  and  built  housei.  In,  the  year  15I4i« 
capt.  Argal,  hy  order  of  the  governor  df  Virginia,  sailed 
there  and  obliged  them  to  depart. 

In  1621,  king  James  gave  the  country  to  sir  William 
Alexandria,  a  Scotch  gentleman,  who  sent  a  number  of 
persons  ther^,  and  called  it  Nova  Scotia,  but  in  i  1  years 
afterwards  Quebec. 

Cap0  Breton  and  all  the  province  was  ceded  to  thd 
French,  (for  it  had  been  taken)  in  a  treaty  between 
Charles  I.  and  Louis  XI U.  The  French  kept  it  till 
1654,  when  the  English  topk  it  again ;  and  was  held  by 
them  till  the  reign  of  Char  es  11.  when  it  was  again 
ceded  to  the  French,  who  held  it  till  1690,  when  the 
people  of  New  England  took  it  from  them. 

IstAND  or  CAtz  Breton — This  island  is  about  lOQ 
miles  long»  and  generally  40  wide.  It  lays  between  4^ 
and  4l7^|kgrees  of  north  lat,  and  59  and  61  west  long,  from 
Gc||i^<ph ;  and  is  separated  from  Nova  Scotia  by  » 
lltrco#  strait,  called  the  gut  of  Conso,  which  extends 
from  the  gulph  of  the  St  Lawrence  to  the  Atlantic. 

This  island  contains  some  good  land,  some  fine  haiv 
bors,  and  excellent  coal  mines ;  and  about  3000  inhabi- 
Cantei  chiefly  French.  Morse  says  this  island  may  be 
consider^  as  the  key  to  Canada.  Before  the  war  the 
inh:^iUnts  of  Cape  Breton,  took  each  year  about  30,000 
quintals  of  iish#      ^ 

fSLANB  or  St.  Jo itM.^This  island  is  situated  in  the 
gulph  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  near  the  north  coast  of  Nova 
Scotia,  and  is  100  miles  long  and  generally  20  broad. 
It  contains  much  good  laud,  and  5,000  inhabitants.  This 
ishmd  is  attached  to  Nova  Scotia. 


(  ^^^  ) 


J^TEWFOUJiTDL^J^D. 


This  island  is  375  miles  long,  from  north  to  south; 
and  250  broad,  from  east  to  west,  though  in  some  places 
not  more  than  100.  It  lays  between  46  and  51,  40  of 
north  lat.  and  is  divided  from  New- Britain  on  the  north, 
1^  the  straits  uf  Belltste^  already  noted. 

Newfoundland  is  tolerably  level,  but  the  soil  is  gehe- 
fklly  barren,  and  hot  at  all  inhabited  in  the  interioi,  is 
the  cKmate  is  quite  un&vorable,  the  winter  begining'  dn 
the  first  of  September  and  continuing  till  the  first  of 
May.  and  in  the  mean  time  the  whole  coast  is  covered 
with  a  thick  fog. 

This  island  affords  a  number  of  fine  harbors^  lindlliSb 
production  of  the  fisheries  is  great ;  400  ships  of*)OiGOO 
Cons,  and  2,000  shallops,  with  20.000  meii,  are  generally 
etnployed  hi  the  cod-fishery  on  the  banks  of  Newfound, 
land,  belonging  to  Great  Britain.  From  this^^lry 
the  British  have  generally  sold  fi^h  m  the  Mediterranean, 
to  the  amount  bf  600,000  pounds  sterling,  each  year.* 
About  300,000  qnintals/or  60,000,000  pouiVds^  of  cod* 
fish  are  taken  each  year  frbm  these  banks,  whi^h,  to- 
gether with  the  other  fish^'  and  oil,  and  filfl0|t|^o^t  to 
500,000  pounds  sterling.    '  ii96«y^k.' 


•St  p. 


St. I 


i 


if  fj 
';S « in 


*'  !ly  ^  3d  article  of  the  treaty  with  Great  Britain«  Hi  the  year  17S3, 
the  people  of  the  UnTted  States  have  liberty;  t«  eatdl  fish  on  these  banks, 
bat  not  to  dry  them  on  the  island* 


I, 


.-   jl 


,  \fi'')f  »iUV;« 


> 


r 


'X'^^^ 


*.'^, 


>**.  17* 


^r'-i'\' 


(MvpmH^  t 


CONTAINING 


A  CONCISE  HISTORY  OF  THE 
WAR  IN  CANADA, 

UP  TO  THE  DATi;  OF  THIS  VOLUME, 


IN  writing  upon  this  subject,  1  feel  as  if  I  was  tread- 
ing upon  delicate  ground.  Although  I  feel  as  mueb 
neutrality  in  the  contest,  as  perhaps  it  is  possibte  for 
any  one  to  feel,  except  that  I  have  one  wibh,  whidb  is 
that  of  peace.  Yet,  no  doiibt,  some  of  my  read^  i^i^ 
find,  or  think  they  fmd,  some  partiality  in  my  retnf(ti^ 
on  the  subject.  ? 

However,  1  intend  to  rebate  nothing  but  the  truths 
thegeneral  knpwledge  of  which,  J  hope  will  be  betieli- 
cial. 

1  have  already  noted  that  6  out  of  10  of  the  inhabitants, 
were  natives  of  the  United  States,  or  their  children  borfi 
in  Canada.    These  people  d^i  not  moyfe  to  the  province 


i 


(    2»2    ) 

1 

because' they  preferred  the  government  of  Great  Britain 
V>  that  of  the  United  States,  but  in  order  to  obtain  land 
Vfton  easy  terms  ;  for  it  must  be  rtmembered,  that  all 
the  land  of  Canada  now  inhabited,  was  given  to  the  peo- 
ple by  the  king,  who  bought  it  of  the  Indians.* 
<^  It  must  here  be  mentioned  also,  that  in  order  to  ob- 
tain this  gift,  they  were  under  the  necessity  of  taking 
the  oath  of  allegiance  to  his  majesty  the  king. 

While  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  were  in  dc- 
/.bate,  relative  to  the  declaration  of  war  against  England, 
tnd  all  her  territories  and  dependencies,  the  parliament 
of  Canada  passed  a  law,  providing  for  the  raiding  and 
'training  one-third  of  the  militia  of  the  province,  between 
tiie  ages  of  18  and  45,  to  be  called  Hank  corhpanies. 
||Ln4  >^  ^he  same  time,  passed  an  act  for  the  foimation  of 
ft  peculiar  kind  of  an  oath  of  allegiance,  to  be  adminis 
iered  to  the  militia,  at  the  discretion  of  the  governor. 
.^.^vThis  oath  was  the  subject  of  great  complaint,  and 
ibany  refused  to  take  it,  insomuch  that  the  governor 
thought  proper  to  lay  it  by. 

At  this  session,  there  was  an  attempt  made  to  pass  an 
;ftct  jko  suspend  for  eighteen  months,  the  habeas  corpus 
|ict,.ftnd  thereby  to  depiive  the  people  of  the  process  of 
%tA|  by  court  and  jury  in  certain  ca«es.  However,  it 
^>liid  not  pais  by  some  odds.  Had  tlis  act  passed,  there 
is  no  doubt  but  that  a  rebellion  would  have  taken  place. 

The  act  that  was  passed  for  the  organization  of  a  part 
of  the  militia,  was  carried  into  eil'ect  without  any  oppo- 


*  At  pmrttf  there  k  a  •mall  conikferstion  rennirrd ;  ttnA  vhouM  tbii 
ImWI  be  Mid  at  any  time  to  any  pmon*  audi  pernm  inuit  take  tbe  oalb 
df  alNiitiMe  ivitbin  ont  ]xar,  or  lbs  taod  ftUtbsck  to  the  kiitf. 


(    J13    ) 

aition,  as  but  few  expected  that  the  ^eclara^on  of 
would  take  place  ,  indeed,  but  few  knew  that  such  aft 
act  was  under  consitieiation;  the  invasion  oC  Canada 
was  contemj^liited  but  by  few* 

Wlien  war  was  declared  against  England,  which  W48 
en  the  18tn  ot  June,  A^ir.  Foster,  minister  from  tbe 
court  ot  Gieat  Britain  to  the  United  States^  sent  kH-tA- 
press  to  Canacia  from  Wasnmgtou,  with  gi  eit  speed. 

When  the  government  were  intorTited  of  the  evelit, 
the  flank  companies  were  oroered  to  F'ort  George,  Md 
other  places  on  the  hnes,  with  great  expedition.         ^ 

They  were  told  t^at  they  must  go  to  such  pkcet  to 
get  their  inuskets,  after  which  they  might  return.   Thii 
order  they  obeyed  with  cheertutness,  not  knowing  thit 
war  was  declared,  or  that  they  should  be  dttajnidr  '* 
which  however  was  the  case.  .  - 

Had  they  known  of  the  declaration  of  war,  tnd  *ikit 
they  weie  to  be  deuined  tor  that  purpoae^  I  am  df  OflH 
nion  that  but  few  would  Imve  complied  with  the  ordctl, 
though  most  of  them  were  under  obligation  to  to  &6, 
having  taken  an  oath  to  that  effect.* 

At  the  5anie  time,  the  regular  trdops  were  mafch^ 
from  York  to  Fort  George.  All  the  Indian  ^rrioit 
on  Grand  River  were  called  for,  and  they  Went  doiMvi 
immediateiy,  but  soon  leturned.  After  thii,  tht  chidb 
mad#  an  agreement  with  the  governor,  and  were  to  ht1% 


B 

1 

H 

« 

jw 

■1 

'  BbB^Mi 

1 

Wm 

'Hi 

BK 

?-j 

Wm 

if 

!•  ■^•(1 


} 


1/' 


*  UpotT  tbf  dM>hration  at  war.  iht  gwrtmr  taMtd  a  yierfiwAaffiit 
nakinf^  it  tn-n«on  for  any  one  U>  cnm  the  line*  Had  not  Ihii  been  do«r, 
one  Imlf  (it  the  people  would  havakA  tiie  proriaea,  tfieftar  ofwar  was 
M  great.  Ali  ikaboatt  were  taken  «ut  of  the  wiMnaaiftit«wlar|apl' 


(    2U    ) 

good  wages  to  engage  in  the  war,  after  which  they  re- 
turned again. 

In  a  little  time  after  this,  the  flank  companies  raised 
in  different  parts  of  the  province,  some  distance  from 
Fort  George,  were  called  to  it ;  and  at  the  same  time, 
(the  12th  of  July,)  general  Hull  invaded  the  province 
at  Sandwich,  nearly  300  miles  west  of  Fort  George.  I 
then  lived  on  the  main  road  that  leads  to  it,  on  which 
all  the  soldiers  passed,  and  conversed  with  some  hun- 

.dreds  of  them,  respecting  their  feelings  and  views,  and 

■  found  that  nearly  all  of  them  were  of  the  same  mind, 
and  that  was,  if  Hull  came  down  to  Fort  George,  (which 

;|fas  the  universal  expectation,)  and  they  were  ordered 
lo  mi^'ch  against  him,  they  woiild  not  ohey.  Such 
W^  their  dread  of  war,  and  partiality  to  the  United 
Stateifgovemment.    But  not  a  man  would  have  joined 

.  fihn  and  fought  against  the  king,  as  was  the  opinion. 
But  the  event  was,  Hull  did  not  come,  but  continued  at 
Sandwich,  and  sent  a  proclamation  among  the  people, 
telling  them  he  was  come  to  deliver  them  from  tyranny, 
and  that  he  was  able  to  accomplish  the  task;  but,  at  the 
tame  time,  he  invited  theiti  to  join  him^  like  true  rebels, 
against  their  king  and  oaths,  or  else  stay  at  home  and 
mind  their  own  work ;    but  if  any  should  come  against 

.htm,  and  be  found  6ghting  by  the  side  of  an  Indian, 
they  should  be  murdered  without  mercy.  1  believe  al« 
most  every  one  that  saw  or  heard  of  this  proclamation, 

^.treated its  contents  with  contempt.    People  are  hardly 
ever  so  willing  to  do  wrong  from  the  advice  of  others, 
as  of  their  own  accord. 
Now,  to  take  up  arms  against  the  king,  whom  they 


had  sworn  to  protect,  was  too  much  for  them.  They 
were  offended  at  any  man,  who  could  think  them  capa- 
ble of  such  conduct;  and  as  to  assisting  Hull  in  fteeing 
them  from  tyranny,  it  was  a  mere  notion — for  if  they 
had  been  under  any,  they  could  at  any  time  have  crossed 
the  line  to  the  United  States.  But  they  were  told  that 
they  might  stay  at  home  and  mind  their  business ;  this 
proposal  they  would  gladly  have  acceded  to,  for  they 
dreaded  the  war  with  their  whole  6ouls.  Some  of  them 
indeed  took  the  friendly  advice,  for  which  they  wer« 
sharply  rebuked  by  their  rulers,  and  in  consequence  of 
this,  some  fled  to  the  wilderness,  and  some  remain  there 
until  this  day,  for  aught  I  know  ;*  but  all  of  them  wer^ 
much  exasperated  against  Hull,  for  threatening  not*  M 
give  any  one  quarters,  who  should  be  found  fightui^^by 
the  side  of  an  Indian. 

They  were  well  assured  that  Hull  knew  every  i^atj^  jfi 
Canada  to  be  under  the  control  of  the  governm<fht,  and 
that  they  were  obliged  to  bear  arms,  and  at  least  to  march 
where  they  were  ordered,  and  that  they  could  not  pre. 
vent  the  Indians  from  marching  with  them.  They  also 
knew  that  they  must  commence  an  engagement,  should 
they  be  brought  in  sight  of  Hull's  army ;  but  in  the  ^on. 
fusion  of  battle,  sho!ild  one  take  place,  many  hoped^ 
make  their  escape  to  Hull.  However,  after  this  dread- 
ful declaration,  no  one  had  any  such  view,  believing  if 
they  should  leave  the  British  army,  from  among  the  In. 


;  ^ 


U 


I 


*  A  Twy  few  fled  to  Hull,  but  wlien  he  give  th«n  op,  tfiey  men  rat 
hurt,  but  put  in  jail.  It  ha«  been  reported  that  they  were  bangvd ;  b«t 
tbii  ia  without  foundation*  YHm  hai  kMo  done  walh  Ihcm  liotc  I  kit 
(be  f  rovince  I  know  not* 


(    216    ) 


.  d&ii|i|,and  goto  Hull,  that  he  would  kill  them  according 
to  his  promise.  This  operated  very  much  in  favor  of  the 
pritish  cause.  ^^ 

,  it  was  generally  thought  in  Canada,  that  if  Hull  had 
autrched  with  haste,  from  Sandwich  to  Fort  George,  the 
province  would  then  have  been  conquered  without  the 
loss  of  a  single  man;  for  at  that  time  the  British  would  not 
kava  been  ahle  to  bring  more  than  12Q0  men  to  oppose 
him,  before  he  could  have  reached  the  N  agara  viver,  and 
iBOi«perated  with  thearmy  on  thoeast-  ide,  who  then  could 
have  come  over  with  safety,  and  so  there  would  have 
been  an  end  of  the  unhappy  war  pet  haps.* 

But,  contrary  to  all  expectation,  liull  remained  at 
Sf^ndwich,  till  general  Brock  issued  his  proclamation 
to  the  people,  tellino  t.^em  that  Kail  was  seat  by  Madi. 
soHi  to  conquer  the  province  for  Bonapatte,  and  if  they 
did  not  repel  him  they  would  'oe  sent  to  Fi  ance.  This 
was  a  successful  step  towards  a  prepa:  ation  to  oppose 
Hull.  Brock  then  beat  up  ior  volunteers  at  Fort 
George,  to  go  with  him  and  oppose  the  invader,  pro* 
mising  all  who  would  engage  with  hiin,  to  fare  the 
same  with  himself,  and  have  200  acres  of  land.— About 
;|00  tiimed  out,  and  took  tvater  to  go  by  the  way  of 

^  Lake  Erie.    At  the  same  time  he  sent  tw3  pieces  of  fly* 
lag  artillery,  and  a  few  regulai-s  by  land.     He  had  als* 


*  Whtnevn  the  officer  came  to  wtrn  the  inhabitanti  to  meet  at  tuck 
•  place,  to  neeive  arras  and  orders  to  march  •gainst  Hull,  ttu* y  protuiitid 
fa  |o ;  hut,  instead  of  going,  they  took  some  pru\ision  and  went  to  tbe 
WMdi,  where  they  waited,  in  hopes  that  lie  would  soon  accomplish  his  pr» 
■rtiet  hiit,poiicUii|s  they  were  deoiived,  aad  hiri  w  nUim  aad  obc| 


(    «t7    >  ^ 

ordered  some  part  of  the  militia  from  the  district  of  Lon*  * 
don,  about  1(^0  miles  from  Sandwich  to  march  there«  This 
many  refubedtodo  of  their  own  accord,  and  others  were  ^' 
persuaded  so  to  refuse  by  a  Mr.  Culver,  a  Mr.  Beamer,  and 
one  more,  who  rode  amon^^  the  people  for  six  days,  tell- 
ing them  to  stand  back .  However  they  were  apprehend- 
ed, and  the  most  oi  the  people  became  obedient.  After 
this  they  had  their  choice  to  go  or  stay,  and  some  went' 

In  the  mean  while  but  little  was  done  by  Che  Amei  i. 
can  army  under  Hull,  towards  the  conquest  of  Uppper^ 
Canada.  On^he  14th  a  company  ol  cavali-y  and  riflemen 
penetrated  into  the  country  as  far  as  M*Giegor*s  mills,' 
on  the  liver  Thame^,  about  60  miles,  and  on  the  17tl^ 
they  returned  to  camp;  having  collected  a  great  quanti^y^ 
of  provisions,  and  some  blankets  and  military  stores. 
On  the  1 6th  another  party  of  280  men  was  sent  Under 
col  Cass,  towards  Maiden,  but  found  a  British  forfo 
in  possession  of  the  bridge  over  the  river  Aux  Canards, 
about  4  miles  from  the  fort.  Part  of  the  detachment  re> ' 
mained  on  the  opposite  side,  while  the  rest  made  a  cir. 
cuitious  route,  and*crossed  the  river  higher  up  by  ford- 
ing, with  an  intention  of  surprising  the^  British,  but  be. 
ing  viithout  guides  they  did  not  get  to  the  place  before 
the  British  had  time  to  prepare  for  the  attack ;  however, 
when  it  was  made  they  retreated  to  Maiden,  and  thW 
Americans  returned  to  Sandwkh,  where  the  whole  army 
remained  inactive. 

In  the  mean  time,  news  of  the  surprise  and  capture 
of  the  island  and  foit  of  Michilliinackinac,  by  the  Bri. 
tish  and  Indians,  whi^:h  took  place  on  the  17th  of  Julyi. 

rf  Rched  the  army  on  the  28th.      In  the  mean  while  4P 

N 


n 


u 


r 


f 

A,  lili 

11. 

I'M   r  il\ 

Km 


.1 


(   218    ) 

^  large  number  of  Indians  had  crossed  the  river  frpm  Ca- 
nada, and  effectually  obstructed  the  comi;n.unication  be- 
tween the  army  and  Hhe  state  of  Ohio,  on  which  they 
depended  for  their  supplies.  This  communication  or  road 
lay  through  a  very  long  thick  wood,  or  wilderness,  of 
swampy  ground* 

In  order  to  open  this  communication,  on  the  4th  of 
August,  a  corps  of  200  men  was  sent,  but  fell  into  an 
ambuscade,  wnich  was  formed  by  a  body  of  Indians  at 
Brownstown,  and  were  totally  defeated.  About  the  same 
time  an  express  arrived  from  the  Americans  on  the  Nia- 
gara frontier^  stating  that  there  was  no  prospect  of  a 
.  co-operation  frpm  tl^t  quarter.  It  being  indispensably 
necessary  to  open  the  communication  with  the  state  of 
Oluo,  Gen.  Hull  resolved  to  suspend  the  expedition 
i^gainst  Maiden,  and  to  concentrate  the  main  force  of  the 
army  .at  Detroit ;  he  therefore  recrossed  the  river  on  the 
^h  of  August. 

In  order  to  open  the  route  to  Ohio,  he  dispatched  600 
men  under  lieut.  col.  Miller,  who  had  not  proceeded 
more  than  14  miles  when,  on  the  9th,  he  fell  in  with  a 
large  force  of  British  and  Indians,  which  however  were 
routed  after  a  severe  battle  ;  the  party  then  returned  to 
'  betroit  without  effecting  their  object. 

An  attempt  was  made  to  send  supplies  by  water  acro.^s 
tit^ej^^ad  of  Lake  Erie,  but  the  boats  were  taken  by  the  Bri- 
tish.,  On  the  1 4th  of  August  another  attempt  was  made  to 
clear  this  communication,  by  cols.  M' Arthur  £c  Cass  with 
400  men,  by  an  upper  route ;  though  they  did  not  ac 
coroplish  their  wish,  but  returned  on  the  16th,  '.he  day 
ihat  Gen.  Brock  crossed  the  river  with  700  soldiers, and 


marcl 

with( 

placet 


cr  from  Ca- 
nication  be- 
which  they 
tion  or  road 
Iderness,  of 

I  the  4th  of 
ell  into  an 
Indians  at 
it  the  same 
n  the  Nia- 
aspect  of  a 
ispensably 
le  state  of 
expedition 
•rceofthe 
VAT  on  the 

tched  600 
proceeded 
in  with  a 
sver  were 
turned  to 

er  acro.'^s 
KtheBri- 
'made  to 
'ass  with 

not  ac. 

ihe  day 
iers,and 


(    S19    ) 

marched  before  Detroit,  which  was  surrendered  to  him, 
without  any  resistance.  In  the  capitulation  that  took 
place  this  little  band  of  heroes  were  given  up  also. 

The  capture  of  the  Fort  of  Detroit,  and  all  the  Michi- 
gan Territory,  were  events  which  the  people  of  Canadk 
could  scarcely  believe,  even  when  they  were  known  to 
be  true  Indeed  when  t  saw  the  officers  and  soldiers  le- 
tuming  to  Fort  George,  with  the  spoils  of  my  country** 
men,  1  could  scarcely  believe  my  own  eyes.  The  most 
of  the  people  in  Canada  think  that  Hull  was  bribed  by 
the  British  to  give  up  the  fort. 

After  this  event,  the  people  of  Canada  became  fearful 
of  disobeying  the  government — some  that  had  fled  to  the 
wilderness  returned  home;  and  the  friends  of  the  UniMid 
States  were  discouraged,  and  those  of  the  king  eutow^' 
aged.  '     *' 

Great  preparations  were  now  made — the  mili^^^fiMFter^ 
trained  every  week,  and  a  number  more  called  out ;  and 
some  hundreds  of  regulars  came  from  the  lower  pro. 
vince.  The  army  now  became  respectable,  and  a  dread  fell 
on  those  who  had  opposed  the  government.  The  people 
now  saw  that  it  was  as  much  as  their  property  and  lives 
were  worth  to  disobey  orders;  and  what  they  had 
been  compelled  to  do,  after  a  little  while  they  dfd  frotti 
choice. 

Things  remained  in  this  situation  till  August^^^fiiHi' 
the  parliament  met  for  a  short  session,  and  pu^  all  the 
public  money  into  the  hands  of  the  governor,  and  also 
passed  an  act,  making  it  treason  for  any  person,  man  or. 
woman,  to  speak  against  the  administration,  or  to  refuse 
going,  or  persuading  any  of  his  majesty's  subjects  from 


L!iil!l 


m 
m 


■  i^.M  nm  h>* 


(    ^20    ) 

going  to  war ;  and  to  subject  ja  person  to  a  fine  of  30 
dollars  who  did  not  denounce  a  deserter.  They  strove 
bard  also  to  pass  an  act  to  establish  martial  1aw»  but  the 
Wll  was  violently  opposed  by  the  fiiends  of  the  people, 
]>articularly  by  J.  Willcocks,*  an  Irishman.  The  mem* 
bers  of  parliament  published  an  address  to  the  people, 
in  which  they  all  promised  to  assist  in  the  war,  both  with 
their  counsel  and  their  arms ;  and  when  the  house  dis> 
solv^,  the  most  of  them  took  the  j[ield.f 


*  This  Willcocks  eame  from  Ireland,  perhaps  about  twelve  yeare  SRO 
to  Upper  Canada^  and  being  a  roan  of*  good  information,  be  received  the 
office  of  high  ihcvitT  in  the  Home  district,  which  station  he  fiUtd  with  dig* 
nity ;  but  being  a  man  of  republican  principles,  was  lead  to  vote  for  the 
election  of  a  personof  the  same  stamp,  which  soexasperated  his  excelieney 
F.Goie,  governor  of  Upper  Canada,  that  he  was  displneed*  Willeocka 
Aen  commenced  the  printing  of  a  public  paper  in  the  Tiltageof  Niagara, 
(NoWfrlt)  and  which  proved  a  thorn  in  the  side  of  the  court  party,  on 
which  i(6iount  he  was  persecuted  even  to  prison ;  yet  by  a  large  majority 
he  was  twiee  elected  member  of  parliament,  in  whieh  station  he  was  always 
the  friend  of  the  people.  ADter  the  American  army  got.  possession  o.'  Fort 
George,  Willcoclis  attached  himself  to  it,  and  received,  by  brevet,  a  ma* 
jor^  commission,  in  which  office  he  has  gained  the  confidence  of  his  com* 
panions  in  arms. 

It  is  certain  that  no  man  ought  to  be  respeeted,  but  rather  d  4iited,  Ibr 
deserting  and  fighting  against  his  country,  and  tlie  only  «polo{  /  that  I  can 
oflfer  for  Willcocks  for  such  conduct,  i^  that  he  is  an  Irisbmr  <  and  tULwayt 
held  republican  principles,  even  in  the  last  rebellion  in  Ireh.nd,  and  that 
his  grand  object  for  staying  in  Canada  so  long,  was  for  the  benefit  of  the 
yeafHi^^  whom  he  saifer«d  so  much ;  and  theKfore,  as  his  ease  is  singu* 
kr,  it  is  mf  opinion  that  he  ought  to  be  respected ;  ai^d  I  believe,  that  but 
few  persons  who  may  hereafter  become  acquainted  with  him  will  regret 
the  opportunity :  as  fbr  my  part,  I  always  found  hiin|to  be  a  man  of  benev^ 
olent  feeling  and  staUlity  of  mind* 

t  If  theawmbenof  QDi^;raHwouldaettlnii»itwoM]d  vmlnmgtmltA 
ffecataoDi9tbewaiv 


(    «2l    ) 

Iirtbe  course  of  the  summer.  Brock,  who  was  indeed 
a.  fine  man,  had  rendered  himseif  very  dear  to  all  the 
soldiers  at  Fort  George,  and  to  the  people  in  general. 

In  this  situation  things  remained,  and  the  army  in* 
creased,  till  the  invasion  of  the  province  at  Queenston^ 
an  account  of  which  has  heen  laid  before  the  public. 
However,  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  make  a  few  remarks 
on  the  subject. 

Early  in  the  morning  of  the  13th  of  October,  1812, 
some  Americans  landed  on  the  bank  at  Queenston,  un- 
observed; but  were  soon  discovered,  and  the  alarm 
given,  at  which  time  they  retreated  unobserved  (as  it  waK*** 
yet  dark)  through  the  village  and  to  Black  Swamp,  4 
miles  back^ 

At  the  same  time  the  Americans  on  the  United  Stat^' 
side  opened  their  cannon  on  the  British  shore,  taheq^>^ 
thiem  from  coming  down  to  the  beach  to  oppose  the  iiih 
vaders,  then  crossing  with  boats.  At  the  same  time 
Uie  cannon  trom  three  batteries  were  levelled  against 
them  from  the  British  side,  beside  the  fire  from  the 
small  arms  of  400  soldiers,  which  were  stationed  there 
at  that  time.  Yet  through  all  this  opposition  the  brave 
Americans  efifected  a  landing,  drove  the  Btitish  back 
and  took  possession  of  their  batteries  and  cannon j^  which 
however  were  spiked. 

They  remained  in  peace  a  little  while,  when  Brock 
came,  rallied  about  three  bunded  soldiers,  including 
Indians,  and  made  an  attempt  to  retake  a  battery  on 
the  side  of  the  slope,  close  by  Queenston,  and  was  kil- 

*  The  OMMt  «C  tbeie  came  the  next  day,  and  gave  themselvea  up  to  the 

Bfitiih. 

U  2 


I 


pi 


i'^r-:. 


■* 


led*  two  balls  entering  his  lk>dy ;  his  aid-de-camp  fell  at 
the  same  time  while  on  his  horse  encouraging  the  peo- 
ple. The  AiAericans  were  masters  of  the  ground  after 
fliat  tor  four  hours,  in  which  time  many  might  have 
landed^  though  it  was  not  the  c^e. 

Expressles  now  went  down  to  Fort  George,  8  miles, 
and  the  sound  was  on  the  float,  hurry  boys,  or  else  our 
dear  general  will  be  killed :  and  others  cried  he  is 
#ounded,  he  is  wounded,  hurry,  hurry,  save  our  gov* 
ernor !  Such  sounds  iilled  every  bosom  with  martial 
fipre,    A  reinforcement  of  1800  soldiers,  and  6  pieces 

Jir  flying  artillery  were  soon  in  marching  order,  under 

^j^n.  Sheafle ;  they  ascended  the  slope  one  mile  and  a 
half  west  of  the  American  army,  which  was  then  on 
tUli  heights   above  Queenston.    When  they  came  in 

^^gjht,  they  all  raised  che  Indian  war  whoop,  let  loose 
t^e  cannon,  and   rushed  on  with  great  impetuosity. 

^The  Americans  seemed  panic  struck,  did  not  form  or 
fight  to  any  advantage,  but  retreated  &.  small  distance, 
but  the  awful  chime  was  in  the  way:  they  surrendered 
and  quarters  were  given,  yet  the  Indians,  who  were  on 
the  left  wing,  continued  to  kill  with  their  tomahawks, 
which  so  exasperated  gen.  Sheaffe,  that  he  threw  off 
his  ha*:  and  stuck  his  sword  in  the  ground  up  to  the 
iiandle,  and  declared,  that  if  every  man  did  not  exert 
himself  to  prevent  the  Indians  from  killing  the  Ameri- 
cans,  after  they  had  surrendered,  he  would  give  up  the 
command  and  go  home.  The  militia  and  regulars  then, 
with  much  ado,  stopped  the  Indians  from  killing.    No 


(  p^  ) 


ampftllat 
»g  thepeo- 
•ound  after 
aight  have 

e,  8  miles, 
)r  else  our 
ied   he  is 
J  our  gov* 
:h  martial 
6  pieces 
er,  under 
lile  and  a 
then  on 
came  in 
let  loose 
)etuosity. 
form  or 
distance, 
•endered 
were  on 
ihawksy 
rew  off 
) to  the 
5t  exert 
Ameri- 
up  the 
s  then. 
No 


one  can  reflect  on  this  scene  withoi^t  feeling,  his  heart 
bleeu  at  ttie  view  of  hiiman  misery.* 

When  i  heard  the  cannon  in  (he  morning,  I  took 
my  horse  and  rode  down,  and  on  the  road  met  a  na^i- 
ber  of  the  Massaugus  Indians  who  had  made  thttr 
escape ;  these  Indians  are  a  very  cowardly  tribe. 

After  this  the  British  contemplated  another  invasion 
immediately,  and  therefore  called  all  the  militia,  from 
16  to  60,  from  the  river  Credit  round  the  head  of  Ont»* 
rio  to  the  west  side  of  the  Grand  River,  and  betweeo 
the  two  lakes,  as  also  more  than  one  half  from  the  Lop 
don  and  Home  districts,  to  Fort  George,  and  other  stac 
tions  on  the  Niagara  river,  which  made  an  army  of  6000 
soldiers.  This  order  was  resisted  with  considerable 
spirit,  yet  it  was  too  late,  for  not  only  the  officers  pf 
the  armyf  and  the  Indians  were  engaged  to  compel 
obedience,  but  all  the  militia  that  had  been  in  the  ser- 
vice; they  thought  it  hard  and  unreasonable  that  they 
must  bear  all  the  burden  and  dangers  of  the  war,  there- 
fore a  number  of  them  were  zealously  engaged  to  bring 
forward  the  disobedient  although  their  neighbors  and 
relations.  An  e^iample  of  this  sort  may  be  named: 
about  twelve  days  after  the  battle,  a  col.  Graham^  on 
Younge-street,  ordered  his  regiment  to  n^eet,  in  order 
to  draft  a  number  to  send  to  F'ort  George  ;  howevcir, 

*  The  Britislt  published  the  ilumber  killed  on  their  side  to  be  thirty, 
but  the  true  number  was  one  hundred  and  sixty ;  chiefly  Indians  and 
regulars.  The  number  on  the  American  side  was  about  two  hundred 
and  sixty—perbaps  more  or  les«. 

t  At  this  time,  many  a  boy  thought  he  grew  a  mighty  man  in  a  few 
4jjs. 

N  3       ■ 


'Hi 


(  2H  ) 

V 

about  40  did  not  appear^bMt  went  outirtto^hitechurch 
township,  nearly  «  wildemesa^  and  there  joined  about 
3(^  more,  who  had  fled  from  different  places.*  When  the 
ifgiment  met,  there  were  present  some  who  hadlibeKy 
of  absence  a  few  days  from  Fort  George;  these  with 
others  volunteered  their  services  to  colonel  Graham, 
l»^e  number  of  16Q,  to  go  and  fetch  them  in,  to  which 
the  colonel  agreed,  but  ordered  them  to  take  no  arms; 
but  when  they  found  they  must  not  take  arms,  they 
w«uldnotgo.  On  the  1st  of  December  they  had  in. 
otS^PI^  to  about  300—- about  which  time,  as  I  was  on  my 
way  to  Kingston  to  obtain  a  passport  to  leave  the  pro* 
uince,  i  saw  about  50  of,  them  near  Smith's  creek,  in 
Newcastle  district,  on  the  main  road«  with  fife  and 
d^inn,  beeting  for  volunteers,  crying  huzza  for  Madi- 

None  of  the  people  in  this  district  bore  arms  at  tha( 
time,  except  12  at  Presque'isle  harbor.  They  were 
i^niversally  in  favor  of  the  United  States,  and  if  ever 
anpthor  army  is  landed  in  Canada,  this  would  be  the 
best  place,  which  would  be  100  miles  from  any  British 
force,  and  before  one  could  march  there,  many  of 
th$  Canada  militia  would  desert,  especially  if  the 
Aiherican  army  was  large,  say  fifty  thousand.  But 
whenever  the  Americans  attempt  to  land  where  there 
IS  an  army,  that  army  will  fight  till   they  are  nearly 

•  At  the  time  when  the  Aaierilcaii  army  oaptuced  York,  informaUon 
was  obtained  that  about  forty  of  those  fujjitives  had  continued  in  the 
wihierness  till  nearly  spring ;  but  that  some  Tndiam  weite  sent  in  search 
of  ibem,  when  they  were  forced  from  the  cavt  af  a  rock,  after  reeeivinff 
Cfnsidarahle  ii\)ury. 


V 

fiiteGhiircii 
ined  about 

When  the 
h«d  liberty 

Jiese  with 

Graham, 
)« to  which 

no  arms; 
fms,  they 
''  had  in, 
^*»  on  my 

the  pro- 
Jreefc,  in 

fife  and 
^orMadi. 

s  at  that 
«y  were 

jf  ever 
Ibe  the 

British 
nany  of 

if  the 
Bui 

e  there 
:  nearly 

iformatjoa 
led  in  the 
in  search 

rceeivirig 


(    225    > 

all  destroyed,  for  they  dare  hot  rebel,  not  having  now 
any  faith  in  any  ofl^s  of  protection  in  a  rebellien/ 
as  they  hove  been  deceived.  Indeed  many  of  the' 
militia  are  Cionsiderably  exasperated  agiun9t  the  in^ 
vaders, .  for  they  think  that  it  is  h^rd  that  they^ 
sJi^ould  feel  the  misery  of  war  who  have  no  agency  in 
the  councils  of  England,  and  know  that  the  United 
States'  government  cannot  force  any  man  over  the  line, 
of  com  se  thofAi  that  come,  they  vjlew  as  coming  of  th^ 
own  choice^  aiid  as  being  void  of  justice  and  humant(^> 
and  therefore  deserve  to  be  killed  for  their'  intruaioiiV 

in  August,  the  inhabitants  were  called  together,  iti 
order  that  all  who  had  not  taken  the  oath  of  allegiance 
might  take  it  without  exception*  However,  some  re-^ 
fused,  some  were  put  in  cells,  and  others  were  not  dealt 
to  hard  with.  Many  took  the  oath  rather  than  suffi# 
thus. 

Sometime  in  the  month  of  November,  the  Americans 
became  masters  of  lake  Ontario,  which  wm  Very  griev- 
ous to  the  British.  About  the  ^me  time,  the  goveri^pr 
issued  a  proclamation  ordering  all  the  citizens  of  the 
United  States,  residing  in  the  province  of  Upper  Cana- 
da, who  had  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance,  to 
leave  the  province,  by  applying  at  certain  boards  of  in^ 
spection  appointed  to  examine  into  the  claims  of  those 
who  asked  that  privilege ;  and  all  who  did  not  so  re- 
ceive passports,  and  leave  the  province  by  the  first  of 
January,  1813,  and  still  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  alle> 
giance,  should  be  considered  r*B  alien  enemies  and  spies, 
and  be  dealt  with  accordingly.    This  proclamation  was 

of  short  duration  and  but  little  circulated ;  of  course 

N  * 


n 


^\ 


i- 


.JA| 


I       1 

it 'I' 


I', 


m 


'ill 


(    226    ) 


I 


but  few  received  the  bendit  which  they  ought  to  htVe 
had,  according  to  Jay's  treaty. 

The  surrender  of  Hull  to  the  Britikh  at  Detroit,  and 
Che  victory  obtained  over  Van  Rensselaer  at  Queens, 
ton,  were  very  encouraging  to  the  different  tribes  of  ln> 
dians  to  engage  with  the.n  in  the  war.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  the  contest,  the  most  of  the  Indians  re* 
fiised  to  take  any  part  in  the  war,  alledging  that  the 
Amiericans  were  too  numerous;  but  they  were  then 
told,  that  altnough  they  were  numerous,  but  few  would 
tome  over,  as  thd  government  could  not  compel  them  ; 
Slid  that  if  they  did  not  light,  they  would  lose  their 
hmd  Some  of  tftie  white  people  were  also  led  to  beUeve^ 
that  they  would  be  deprived  of  their  land  and  other  pro* 
p^ty.  In  the  course  of  the  summer,  on  the  line  b&> 
Cween  Fort  George  and  Fort  Erie,  there  were  not  more 
than  1000  Indians  under  arms  at  one  time.  These  In^ 
dians  go  to  and  fro  as  they  please,  to  the  country  and 
back,  and  are  very  troublesome  to  the  women  when 
thi«r  husbands  are  gone,  as  they'  plunder  and  take  what 
they  please,  and  often  beat  the  women,  to  force  them  to 
give  them  whiskey,  even  when  they  are  not  in  possession 
of  any  ;  and  when  they  see  any  man  that  has  not  gone 
to  the  lines,  they  call  him  a  Yankee,  and  threaten  to 
kill  him  for  not  going  to  fight ;  and  indeed,  in  some 
instances,  their  threats  have  been  put  in  execution. 
They  act  with  great  authority  and  rage,  since  they  have 
stained  their  hahds  with  human  blood. 

The  inhabitants  at  large,  would  be  extremely  glad  to 
get  out  of  their  present  miserable  situation,  at  almost 
any  rate;  bat  they  dare  not  venture  a  rebellion,  without 


\gtkt  to  have 

Detroit,  and 
■  at  Queens, 
tribes  of  In. 
t  the  r.om- 
Indians  re* 
ag  that  tho 
were  then 
;  few  would 
ipel  them  ; 
Io»€  their 
tobeKevr, 
other  pro* 
le  line  b&> 
'  not  more 
I'hese  In^ 
untry  and 
en  whed 
«ke  what 
e  them  to 
Msession 
not  gone 
eaten  to 
in  some 
Eecution. 
ley  have 

glad  to 

almost 

vvithoat 


being  sure  of  protection*  ^.   And  as  they  now  do  not  ext -^ 
pect  that  the  American  government  will  ever  send  «; 
sufficiently  large  army  to  aiford  them  security,  should 
they  rebel,  they  think  it  their  duty  to  kill  all  they  can- 
while  they  are  coming  over^  that  they  may  discoutage 
any  more  from  invading, the  province;  that  the  govern- 
ment may  give  up  the  idea  of  conquering  it,  and  with* 
draw  their  forces,  that  they  may  go  home  also ;  for  they., 
are  greatly  distre&sed  in  Icj^ving  their  families  so  long,, 
many  of  whom  are  in  a  suffering  condition.  .,  , 

Ever  since  the  commencement  of  the  war,  there  hai- 
been  no  collection  of  debts  by  law,  in  the  upper  p^rl  of 
the  province,  and  towards  the  fijl  in  no  part ;  nor  wottld 
any  one  pay  another*  No  person  can  get  credit  from  any 
one  to  the  amount  of  one  dollar  ;  nor  can  any  one  sell^ 
any  of  their  property  for  any  price,  except  provision  oif^ 
clothing ;  for  those  who  have  money,  are  determined  to 
keep  it  for  the  last  resort.     No  business  is  carried  on  by 
any  person,  except  what  is  absolutely  necessary  for  the 
time,  '     -f^ 

In  the  upper  part  of  the  province,  all  the  schools  are 
broken  up,  and  no  preaching  is  heard  in  all  this  land. 
Ail  is  gloomy — all  is  war  and  misery.  y. 

Upon  the  declaration  of  war,  the  governor  laid  an 
embargo  on  all  the  flour,  wheat,  and  pork  then  in  tht 
province,  destined  for  market,  which  was  at  a  time 
when  very  little  had  left  the  province.  The  next  harvest 
was  truly  bountiful,  as  also  the  ciops  of  corn,  buck- 
wheat and  peas  ;  the  most  of  which  were  gathered,  ex- 
cept the  buckwheat,  which  was  on  the  ground  when  all 
the  people  were  called  away  after  the  battle,  of.  Queens- 


■■*i 


']■ 


(    228    ) 


% 


ton  ;  so  that  th^  people  liave  plenty  of  provisions  as  yet 
(April  1813.)  But,  should  the  war  continue,  they 
must  suffer^  as  not  more  than  one  half  of  the  farmers, 
esptcit^lly  of  the  upper  part  of  Canada,  sowed  any 
winter  grain,  because  when  they  ought  to  have  done  it, 
they  were  called  away  to  the  lines.  Although  1  say  that 
the  people  in  general  have  grain  enough,  yet  some 
women  are  now  suiliering  for  bread,  as  their  husbands 
are  on  the  lines,  and  they  and  their  children  have  no 
money  nor  credit,  nor  can  they  get  any  work  to  do. 

As  soon  as  the  snow  fell  in  Canada,  and  the  sleigh- 
ins  became  good,  (which  was  in  the  last  of  November,) 
..^e  British  exerted  themselves  to  the  utmost  to  provide 
for  the  support  of  the  war,     A  large  price  was  offered 
ibr  flour  and  pork,  particularly  near  the  line  of  the 
lower  part  of  the  state  of  New-York,  on  the  SL  Law- 
rence, and  near  the  line  of  Vermont  and  New- Hamp- 
shire, in  order  to  get  a  large  supply  for  another  year, 
and  to  induce  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  trans- 
egress  the  laws  ;   and  it  appears  that  some,  by  the  love  of 
money,  were  prevailed  upon  to  do  it. 

In  the  months  of  December  and  January,  some  hun-> 
dreds  of  sleighs  were  almost  constantly  on  the  road 
from  Montreal,  and  other  places  in  the  lower  province, 
earr5ring  provisions  and  military  stores  to  Kingston^ 
Yofk,  Niagara,  and  other  parts  in  the  upper  province. 
But  where  all  these  provisions  came  from,  1  am  not 
able  to  say. 

About  this  time,  in  December,  the  British  also  were 
making  preparations  to  assemble  a  large  force  at  Kings- 
ton, in  order  to  cross  the  lower  end  of  Lake  Ontario  on 


( 


r^ 


)'• 


theict,  and  if  jiosi5iWc,to  dfestioy  the  American  vcsselsj 
hying  at  Saekett's  Harbor,   which  they  considered  ai " 
powerful  and  dangerous  :  and  to  effect  this  they  were* 
determined  to  lay  out  all  thelf  strength,  or  all  that  they 
possibly  could  spare,  for  that  business. 

In  the  month  of  December,  about  one  hundred  and 
twenty  ship-carpenters  rame  from  the  lower  province ' 
to  Kingston  and  York,  in  order  to  build  seven  vessels 
on  Lake  Ontario.  The  government  expected  to  have 
them  finished  by  the  time  the  ice  was  oiit  of  the  lake;, 
which  seven,  with  foitr  that  were  then  nearly  fit  for 
use,  would  make  a  fleet  of  eleven  sail,  which  it  wli 
thought  would  be  sufficient  to  regairi  possession  of  Lake 
Ontario.  However,  their  expectations  were  not  fulfilled. 

Some  little  time  before  Hull  invaded  the  province, 
there  was  an  armistice  entered  into  by  the  comhianders 
of  the  armies  on  both  sides  of  the  line,  at  which  time  a 
number  of  militia  were  permitted  to  go  home,  and  which 
was  a  joylul  thing  to  them.  When  this  armistice  i^as 
made  known  to  Mr.  Madison,  he  refused  to  'igi'^^ 
it,  and  when  notice  was  given  of  his  refusal  to  tne 
governor  of  Canada,  all  the  militia  were  called  b'a^k. 
Some  time  before' the  battle  of  Quecnston,  there  was" 
another  armistice  agreed  upon  for  an  unlimited  time ; 
but  the  conditions  were  such,  that  if  either  party  wishe<l 
to  re-commence  hostilities,  that  party  should  give  tne 
other  four  days  notice.  Immediately  upon  this  agree- 
ment, almost  all  the  militia  were  permitted  to  go  home, 
and  about  half  of  them  had  got  some  miles  upon  the 
road,  and  some  that  lived  nigh  to  the  line,  had  got  once 
more  to  the  bosom  of  their  families,  with  the  «weet  hoj^e 


m 


...        (    230    I 

of  never  again  returning  to  the  place  of  danger  and 
death.  But  oli,  hard  fate !  notice  was  sent  from  tne 
American  side,  that  the  armistice  must  end  in  four 
days ;  of  coui^e,  all  the  militia  that  had  got  home,  or  on 
their  way,  were  called  back  again,  and  with  a  heavy 
heart  many  a  man  parted  irom  the  wite  of  his  bosom, 
and  children  of  his  leve,  for  the  last  time. 

The  Indians  are  forbidden  by  the  British  government 
from  crossing  the  lines  at  any  time  or  place,  and  are 
watched  and  guarded  for  fear  they  will ;  for  the  British 
know,  that  if  the  Indians  were  permitted  to  cross  and 
commit  depredations  on  the  United  States'  side,  that  it 
wo  jid  unite  all  the  people  against  them. 

The  Indians  took  a  number  of  scalps  at  the  battle  of 
B.oWnstown;  1  asked  some  who  stopped  at  my  house, 
if  the  governor  gave  them  money  for  them  ;  they  told 
me  not ;  but  they  said  they  took  them  to  show  the 
governor  how  m'any  they  killed.  They  said  they  wish* 
ed  that,  the  governor  would  give  them  money  for  scalps. 
^«|l|^as  told,  that  when  they  took  these  scalps  down  to 
f%fa£*eorgo,  the  governor  and  colonel  Claus  reproved 
tfre$i»,f6r  their  conduct,  and  told  them  to  take  no  more 
scalps  at  any  time  or  place. 

In  making  these  remarks,  I  do  not  wish  to  be  under- 
itood,  that  I  elieve  the  Bi  itish  government  is  too  good 
tOv4|jl3h,  or  permit  the  Indians  to  kill  and  scalp  any  that 
lief  in  their  power  1  do  not  pretend  to  say  or  judge 
how  tl.is  is,  I  ut  I  was  lerl  to  believe  tha^  they  did  not  en- 
courage the  Indians  to  take  scalps,  or  else  they  kept  the 
thing  very  fecjret.  However,  I  do  not  pietend  to  d^ 
tcrmine. 


{    231    ) 

The  inhabitants  in  general  feel  as  if  they  were  fighting 
against  their  own  fiathersi  brothers,  and  sons,  which  in 
many  instances  is  actually  the  case.  In  the  first  of  the 
war,  the  people  of  Canada  seemed  panic  struck  ;  they 
ceased  from  all  business  ;  they  even  neglected  to  pr»> 
pare  or  eat  fopd,  until  hunger  compelled  them  to  it. 
However,  after  a  while  they  began  to  do  a  little  work, 
yet  only  what  was  needful  for  the  present  time. 

The  opinion  of  many  in  Canada  now  is,  that  the 
province  ought  to  be  conquered  tor  the  good  of  the  in- 
habitants on  both  sides  ;  for  many  in  Canada  since  the 
war,  have  showed  themselves  strong  friends  to  the 
United  States,  and  are  marked  by  the  British  govern- 
ment as  objects  of  revenge  on  that  account.  Should  it 
therefoie  not  be  conquered,  one  half  of  the  people  will 
be  ruined,  and  peihaps  many  put  to  death.  The<e  has 
been  a  cons»iderable  number  of  Indians  killed  by  the 
An«eiicans,  which  has  so  exasperated  those  now  alive, 
that  should  there  be  a  treaty  made,  and  those  Indians 
allowed  as  much  libeity  as  they  now  have,  tliey  w#^l^ 
CO  itinuall}  be  crossing  the  line,  and  comniitting  Qiu^*'^ 
deis  on  the  i;.Uiabitant8  oi  the  fiontiers,  to  revenge  tlfie 
loss  of  their  kindred.  And  also  because  there  have  a 
number  of  Ameiicans  left  the  province  since  the  war, 
ather  by  pei  mission  or  without  it ;  and  a  numbcff'tDf 
these  have  land  and  other  property  there,  which  tiMjh 
never  can  obtain  again,  except  the  province  is  con* 
quered  ;  for  it  must  be  noticed,  that  all  the  land  in  Ct^ 
nada  has  been  given  to  (he  first  settlers  by  the  king,  and 
it  is  specified  m  every  original  deed,  which  is  a  deed  of 
gift,  that  DO  person  can  hold  it  by  transferment  mor^ 


thth  one  y^ar,  except  they  take  the  oath  of  allegiance 
to  his  majesty.  Now,  although  this  is  the  law,  and  it  is 
so  specified  in  every  original  deed,  yet  very  few  people 
knew  H  to  be  the  case  that  went  from  the  United  States 
and  bought  land,  of  course  many  hitve  lived  there  on 
their  land  a  number  of  years  without  taking  the  oath, 
and  as  many  of  such  have  come  away  rather  than  take 
it,  of  course  their  lands,  according  to  law,  will  fall 
back  to  the  king. 

After  the  battle  of  Queenston^  the  British  continued 
to  augment  their  forces  on  the  line  between  forts  George 
and  Erie. 

About  the  2dth  of  October  was  the  usual  time  for  a 
number  of  Indians  from  Lake  Simeoe,  principally  the 
Massassaugas  tribe,  to  assemble  at  York,  (about  twelve 
hundred  in  number)  in  order  to  hold  their  fall  council, 
and  receive  their  gifts. 

General  Sheaffe  met  them  there ;  and  after  they  had 
received  their  gifts,  proposed  to  the  warriors  to  go  to 
■V^  George  and  engage  in  the  war.  However,  they 
dfcKned  going  as  their  squaws  were  with  them. 

The  general  then  gave  them  a  very  large  ox  and  two 
barrels  of  whiskey,  upon  which  they  had  a  merry  (east 
and  a  war  dance  ;  at  the  same  time  they  declared  war 
'against  the  United  States  in  a  formal  manner,  in  mov- 
iiiig  in  a  circuitous  form,  whenever  they  came  towards 
the  United  States,  they  held  up  their  hatchets,  and  gave 
a  stroke  in  the  air,  and  a  yell. 

This  was  about  three  o'clock,  and  by  five,  about  350 
embarked,  and  as  many  more  riflemen,  with  the  general 


1. 1- 


for  Fort^  George,  and  the  old  Indians  and  s  quaws  re- 
turned to  Lake  Simcoe. 

The  garrison  at  Vork  was  them  almost  destitute  of 
soldiers,  but  in  a  little  time  the  militia  to  a  considerable, 
amount  were  called  in. 

About  this  time,  or  a  little  after,  the  Americans  came 
on  shore  IS  miles  above  Kingston, and  burnt  a  vessel  be- 
longing to  Mr.  Fairfield,  and  took  anether  on  the  lake. 

Things  remained  in  this  situation  till  about  the  20th 
of  INovember,  when  general  Chandler  invaded  Canada^ 
about  50  miles  from  Montreal,  with  three  hundred  so^ 
diers.  it  appears  that  in  destroying  an  old  fortiiicatioi^y 
some  of  the  men  were  killed. 

On  the  27th  of  November,  general  Smyth  made  an 
atteqapt  to  cross  from  Black  Rock  into  Canada  (river 
one  mile  wide;)  he  first  sent  three  hundred  soldiers  and 
sailors,  under  captain  King  :  they  stormed  three  bat- 
teries, and  spiked  the  cannon,  with  the  loss  of  forty  men. 

About  ten  o'clock,  the  same  day,  three  sailors  went 
over,  burnt  some  houses  and  brought  away  considerable 
plunder.  . 

After  general  Smyth  had  embarked  the  troops  twice, 
he  gave  over  the  project,  and  for  which  he  has  been  se- 
verely censured  by  many ;  but  upon  the  whole,  perhaps 
it  was  best,  as  at  that  time  he  was  not  able  to  take  ovjer 
with  him  more  than  2,500  soldieis,  which  was  not 
enough,  as  the  British  had  at  that  time  6,000  soldiers  on 
the  line  between  forts  George  and  £rie,  a  distance  of  34 
miles  only,  .^ 

As  Smyth  and  his  army  were  seen  by  the  Britisl^ 
coming  over,  and  twice  returning,    it  was  confident- 


ii 


H 


1 1 

11'        iV- 


I 


(    S«J4     ) 


fy  re^drted  and  generally  believed,  that  the  AmeiicatiL 
army  had  mutinized.  ^  .t 

This  very  much  encouraged  the  inhabitants,  judging 
from  hence,  that  the  soldiers  would  not^^  come  over  at 
all ;  knowing  also,  that  many  had  refusecl  so  to  do  at 
the  time  of  the  battle  of  Queenston. 

After  this,  as  the  winter  was  coming  on,  the  British 
calculated  that  they  should  not  be  mvaded, again,  at  least 
till  the  ice  of  the  river  became  strong  :  the  colonel  of 
eacti  regiment  therefore  permitted  the  principal  part  of 
the  militia  to  return  home. 

\TAe  foihumg  account  of  the  war  is  made  from  informa- 
tion received  from  the  public  papers  and  other  sources  and 
from  my  knowled^  of  the  province  and  adjacent  parts,  in 
wfuch  the  operations  of  the  war^have  been  continued,  to  this 
date — June  10th,  1814]  • 

It  appears  that  from  the  time  of  the  parti  \  invasion 
of  gen.  Smyth,  that  there  was  nothing  of  note  done 
tilKthe  defeat  of  a  part  of  the  north.westet  n  army,  under 
geik  Winchester,  on  the  22d  of  January,  1813,  near 
the  rapids  of  the  Miami,  which  is  about  63  miles  south 
of  Detroit. 

Winchester's  army  was  about  one  thousand  strong, 
and  was  attacked  by  nearly  double  that  number  of  Bri- 
tish and  Indians,  and  as  the  battle  was  obstinately  con- 
tested, nearly  four  hundred  Americans  were  killed  and 
the  rest  made  prisoners,  about  six  hundred.  All  the 
miKtia  were  paroled  and  sent  home,  not  to  fight  in  th# 
wair  again.  ,^>    4-*v!^w  - 

About  the  12th  of  February,  capt.  Forsyth,  command* 
ing  a  company  of  United  States*  troops  (liflelnen)  at  Og^ 


tl 


r-     t      s 


the  Ameiican 


(ft  1 


ants,  judging 
come  oyer  at 
eel  so  to  do  at 

h  the  British 
a^ain,  at  least 
le  colonel  of 
icipal  part  of 

rom  informa  • 
sources  and 
:efU  parts,  in 
tinued,  (otlus 

tisl  invasioli 
^  note  done 
itmy,  under 
1813,  near 
miles  south 

and  strong, 
iber  of  Bj  i- 
nately  con- 
'-  killed  and 
I.  Ail  the 
^ght  in  tht 

commandi 
len;  at  Og* 


(    23^    ) 

dieiishii^,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oswegatchi«  liveTi  Qii 
the  SU  Lawrence,  70  miles  below  Sackelt^s  Harbor, 
marched  with  tviQ  hmidred  men  up  the  river  12  miles* 
and  crossed  over  to  Canada  to  a  little  village  (Brock?.^.  ^ 
ville)  on  the'banks  of  the  river,  where  the  British  kept 
a  garrison  of  about  sixty  soldiers,  which  he  took  with 
some  military  stores,  without  loss. 

This  so  exasperated  the  British,  that  they  collected  a. 
force  of  about  twelve  hundred,  about  the  20th  of  the^' 
same  month,  chiefly  militia,  and  crossed  the  river  from 
Prescott,  (2  miles)  effected  a  landing  in  spite  of  Tov%y^ y' 
and  his  riflemen,  drove  them  9  miles  to  Black  Lake^ 
vi^h  considecable  loss  on  bo^  sides. 

They  burnt  an  the  buildings  of  the  ^rrison  at  that 
placife,  which  howev^  wllof  little  value,  as th^y  were- 
at  least  one  hundned  years  old,  haying  been  built  by  the^* 
French,  and  were  badly  situated.    The  British  also  eaiv 
ried  off  much  military  stores, 

On  the  24th  or  25th  of  April,  com;  Chamicey  witi» 
aboiit  sixteen  sail  of  vessels,  and  gen*  Dearbome  witi^^j 
about  two  thousand  soldiers  and  sailors,  left  Sackett*%.; . 
Harbor,  tor  York,  on  the  Biitishside  of  Lake  Ontario,, 
distsiit  190  inilest  and  arrivid  there  on  the  raomiflg^iof^ . 
the  27th  at  seven  o'clock.  ^^ 

The  Anuffkan  «rmy  began  to  land  lift  boat9'lAd^\ 
eight  o'6|9{:k,  •n^  .imle  u^  the  kke  from  the  fort,  an& 
two  from  the  town,  or  west  of  the  town  and  ibrt,  M 
this  place  the  bwiks  are  high,  and  tiie  woods  thkk. 
They  were  met  by  the  British  force,  Indians,  a  fiew  rt|^«« 
ulaiBt  «n4  mSai^t  imdtr  gen.  Sheaffc^  in  number  ab^ot 
ri|ht  hundred  HlMig.    In  about  two  hours,  \ii  i^  |>I^ 


■■^. 


the  BritiifR /fifteen  or  sixteen  huhdred  landed,  under  th$: 
command  jof  gen.  Pike;  the  British  then  retreated  to- 
ivards  the  fort,  while  the  Americans  pmrsued  them,  and 
^^  Wheti  Witliin  about  300  yards  of  it,  a  tremendous  explo- 
^  iion  iokik  place,  of  powder  and  combustibles  that  had 
Jbeeti  Concealed  under  ground,  and  whtjch  spread  death 
and  destruction  among  the  American  army,  and  British 
also.   .  -^^-^■.    ;     ;      ^^  ^~^^-  ^V 

,.|^  ^■''  The  number  killed  by  this  explo&iori  id  not  yet  fully 
Hscertained ;  gen.  Dearbome  thinks  it  is  more  than  one 
liundred,  atpong  whom  Was  gen.  Pike.  About  two  hun- 
dred were  l^t  in  ilU. 

After  this  explosion  th»  con^mand  fell  upon  col. 

Pierce,  v^ho  soon  took  possession  of  the  fort,  which  the 

^'BHtish  left,  as  coin.'  Chaulli^l^  had  got  some  of  his  fleet 

within  6^0  yards  of  the  fort,  and  was  firing  upon  it. 

The  Britisb  moved  down  to  the  town,  (1  mile)  after  hav. 

itig  set  iire  to  some  of  the  public  stores,  and  one  vessel 

nearly  finished.    Cen.  Sheafie  moved  off  with  what  reg- 

^«klar  troops  wer«  left^  towards  Kington,  and  left  orders 

iiwith  the  commanding  officer  of  the  mifitia  (G.  S.  Miteh- 

«ll)  to<fiKike  the  best  terms  he  couH. 

but  two  o'clock  in  the')' afternoon,  the  Ameri<ian 

was  hoisted,  and  by  three  all  Was  peace,  ahd  a  capit- 

^^^        ^9»  agf^  upon ;  all  the  militia  were  paroled, 

-4ft6at  four  hundred,  and  «11  the  naval  and  military  stores 

were  ^ivij^N  up.  ^ 

On  the  first  of  May  the  troops  vrhe  embarked,  but 

^tfvilng  to  eontrRrywinds,did  not  leave  York  till  the  8th, 

>»l  Ml«Mm^«v«n^thi^i*e)Bichet(  lli!  Fdtti^^^^^    creek; 


f 


(     237     ) 


Jed,  u%4.er  thp 
i  retreated  to- 
led  them,  and 
endous  expi'o- 
bles  that  had 
spread  death 
I',  and  British 

not  yet  fully 
lore  than  one 
bouttwohon- 

1}  upon  col. 
rt,  which  the 
leofhis  fleet 
ing  upon  it, 
le)  after  hav- 
id  one  vessel 
^h  what  reg. 
d  left  orders 
5.  S.  Miteh- 

'  American 
ahd  a  capit- 
ire  paroled, 
litary  stdr^ 

'■ '  .  '1- 

J^rk«a^,  but 
till  theSth, 
mile  crcek^ 


a  iittYe  below  Fort  Niagara,  and  unladed  aome  of  the 
stores.  ^ 

On  the  next  Sunday  evening  two  vessels  sailed  for 
the  head  of  the  lake,  to  g^t  some  British  stores,  which 
they  effected  without  loss,  and  returned  on  Tuesday. 

On  the  13th,  com.  Chauncey  arrived  at  Sackett's  Har- 
bor, where  the  body  of  general  Pike  was  interred  with 
the  honors  of  wan 

On  the  1st,  2d,  and  3d  days  of  May,  the  British  forces  ' 
of  regulars  and  militia,  under  gen.  Proctor,  and  Indians 
under  Tecupiseh,  in  all  about  three  thousand  strong, 
attacked  gen«  Harrison  in  Fort  Aleigs.  On  the  4th  or 
5th,  about  9  o'clock,  gen.  Clay  arrived  with  eight  hun  . 
dred  Kentucky  volunteers,  in  boats,  up  the  Miami — ^land. 
ed  and  made  a  heroic  pusl|  upon  the  British  and  Indians , 
then  fighting  before  Fort  Meig5.--4;hey  were  driven  off 
and  the  cannon  spiked.  However  they  neglected  to  go 
into  the  fort,  or  back  to  the  boats— were  drawn  some 
distance  into  the  wooi^s  by  skirmishes  with  the  Indians  ; 
they  were  surrounded  by  the  iBritish,  and  six  hundre|| 
and  fifty  fell  into  their  hands,  dead  or  alive,  thou^ 
chleflv  alive.  .       .   ^ 

After  this  the  Americans  obtained  some  small  Jidvan* 
tages  over  the  British,  who  on  the  9th  of  April  raised 
the  siege  and  returned  ;  after  which  gen.  Harrison  left 
the  command  of  the  fort  to  gen.  Clay,  and  went  to  the 
south. 

On  the  27th  of  May,*  gens.  Dearborne,  I^^is,  jand 

-it 

*  Just  thirty  di^taftertbectptuve  of  Turk.     . 


''  .il 


«  W:  !.i 


V.ll 


m 


(  ^*  > 


0theli,  embarked  with  com.  Chauneey  6n  board  the 
fleet,  ai  Niagara,  to  the  number  of  about  four  thousand 
strong.  They  landed  aboiut  two  miles  from  Fort  George, 
up  the  lake  near  the  light>house ;  the  v^sels  anchored 
within  a  quarter  of  a  mile  of  the  shore  :  with  boats  the 
army  was  landed,  by  the  assistance  of  the  cannon  from 
the  fleet,  in  spite  of  the  opposition  of  about  three  thous. 
and  Biitishfoi'ces;  with  some  flying  artillery,  under  gen. 
Vincent.  After  about  half  an  hour  hard  fighting,  the 
British  retreated  towards  Fort  George,  which  was  much 
ibjured  from  the  firing  of  two  vessels  in  the  mouth,  of 
the  river,  and  some  batteries  on  the  east  side.  The  Bri. 
tish  did  not  go  in,  but  gave  orders  to  blow  it  up^  and 
the  cannon  of  all  the  batteries  on  the  line,  from  Fort 
George  to  Erie,  were  opened  ^pon  the  American  shore, 
which  Continued  all  night,  and  in  the  morning  were 

bursted,  and  all  the  places  were  evacuated,  after  much 

destruction  of  barracks  and  public  stores. 

The  British  continued  their  retreat  to  the  west  of 
Fort  George,   on  a,  ro^d  which  leads  through  Black 

Swan^,  which  connects  it  with  the  main  road  to  Forty- 

mUe  creek,  ten  miles  from  Fort  George.  ,.'; 

On  the  next  day,  the  whole  British  force  from  the 

^kgara  river,  met  at  Forty-mile  creek,  31  miles  from 

Niagara,  where  they  made  a  stand. 

'^In  a  little  time  the  American  army  entered  Fort 

George  and  hoisted  the  flag. 
Thelkext  evening  colonel  Preston  crossed  over  from 

Black  6ock,  and  took  possession  of  Fort  Erie  ;  at  the 

fame  time  he  published  an  address  to  the  people,  invit. 


j^'«i'  <^)^if*j«.'' 


■'-,; 


r  dn  board  the 
four  thousand 

Fort  George, 
sels  anchored 
vith  boats  the 

cannon  from 
t  three  thous. 
y,  under  gen. 

fighting,  the 
ch  was  much 
the  mouth,  of 
e.    TheBri. 
'it  up;  and 
',  from  Fort 
sricah  shore, 
orning  were 

after  much 

the  west  of 
>ugh  Black 
•d  to  Fortv^ 

■e  from  the 
miles  from 

ei-ed  Fort 

Hrer  from 
e ;  at  the 
Iple,  invit. 


ihg  them  tc  come  and  enrol  their  names  with  him  and 
claim  the  protection  of  the  United  States ;  and  at  the 
same  time  warnmg  them  that  if  they  did  not,  they  should 
be  dealt  with  in  a  rigorous  manner.  It  does  not  appear 
that  any  of  them  came.  After  he  had  been  there  a  short 
time,  he  destroyed  the  fort  and  went  to  Fort  George. 

The  number  of  killed  in  the  action  at  Fort  George, 
must  be  considerable  on  both  sides,  though  the  number 
is  Dot  yet  known. 

It  appears  that  in  three  days  after,  on  the  31st,  that 
com.  Chauncey  sailed  with  his  fleet  for  Sackett's  Hdrbor 
with  gen.  LewiSj  and  that  gen.  Boyd  took  the  command 
under  gen.  Dearbome. 

On  the  1st  of  June,  gen.  Winder  with  two  thousand 
troops  left  Fort  George  in  pursuit  of  the  British,  who 
had  made  a  stand  at  Forty-mile  creek. 

On  the  4th,  gen.  Chandler,  with  two  thousand  more; 
marched  to  join  gen.  Winder.  On  the  approach  of 
Winder  the  British  retreated  19  miles,  to  the  head  off 
Burlington  Bay,  where  they  threw  up  entrenchments. 
Part  of  the  American  army  proceeded  10  milea<X»Hhei^ 
to|  the  Fifty  mile  creek,  and  encamped  on  Satorda|r 
night,  the  5th.  On  Sunday  morning  before  day,  h^&^ 
very  dark,  about  five  hundred  regulars  under  gen. 
Vinceht,  and  some  Indians  under  the  chief  Norton,*  iin« 
petceived  broke  into  the  American  camp,  toi^  posses- 
sion ^f  seven  pieces  of  cannon,  whieji  4l|/ejr?^tiimed 

*  Hiit  Iforton  is  of  the  Mabawk  nation,  but  if  ijd|sti<1|0  %^Fn||)ch. 
He  Received  aii  EngUth  edna|tion  in  Or^t  Britain  ;'uid  whttto  there, 
tianakted  the  C^o^wl  of  St.  Matthew  int»  the  Mubawk  language. 

,     O  2 


'  m  i 


<!l 


t*^ 


(  «»«  ) 


'  ftgaiast.their  fo<^^he  confusion  was  great — gens.  Win. 
der  jand  Chandler  were  taken  prisoneis,  and  many 
more-— five  pieces  of  cannon  were  taken.  The  Ameri- 
cank  fought  well— the  British  retired,  {eaviilg  one  hun. 
dred  and  fifty  behind  them ;  however  they  were  notimr- 
sued. 

The  same  day  gen.  Dearborne  sent  orders  for, the 
American  army  to  return  to  Fort  George,  as  he  had 
seen  several  British  vessels  sail  for  the  head  of  the  lake, 
which  he  supposed  intended  to  land  reinforcements, 
which  was  done.  At  the  same  time  sir  James  Yeo  ap- 
peared with  his  fleet  off  the  Forty-mile  creek,  and  de- 
manded the  surrender  of  the  American  army,  stating 
that  it  must  of  necessity  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  Bri- 
tish. 

The  American  army  then  returned  to  Fort  Greofge, 
having  lost  a  considerable  number,  being  taken  pri- 
soners by  the  Indians  and  militia,  who  hung  on  the 
skirts  of  the  army,  nearly  throughout  their  march. 

On  the  next  day  all  the  British  army  returned  to  the 
Foipt^mile  creek.  At  the  same  time  the  British  took 
l^^boatiB  on  their  return  to  Fort  George^  with  the  bag- 
^gige  of  the  oiBcers.*  «^ ' 

On  tb«  29th  of  May,  (two  days  after  general  Dear- 
home  landed  at  Niagara,)  six  British  vessels  and  thi^y 
boats  Appeared  before  Sackett^s  Harbor,  fvom  which 
nearly  tj^i(4nuk  effected  a  landing,  a  little  abovA  «|w 
harbor.  v^fMsT^pve  the  Americans  back  nearly  a  mile, 

*  AbMt  ikU  time  tbe  Britidi  oiptuted  two  wKoonen  on  Lake  dnm* 


( 


— gen8.Wiiu 
)  and  many 
The  Ameri- 
llg  one  hun. 
i^erenot'piur- 

ders  for, the 
^  as  he  had 
i  of  the  lake, 
iforcements, 
nes  Veo  ap. 
iek,  and  de- 
my, stating 
of  the  firi- 

►rt  George^ 
taken  pri- 
ung  on  the 
larch. 
rned  to  the 
•ritish  took 
^  the  bag. 

lera)  Dear- 
and  thifty 
>om  which 
abov«  «|m 
irly  a  mile, 

iLiiKedWn* 


til 


) 


with  considerable  loss ;  however  they  were  obliged  to 
retreat  to  their  vessels  and  leave  many  behind. 

As  the  victory  was  doubtful  for  some  time,  the  Ameri- 
cans set  ^re  to  all  the  military  stores  in  that  place, 
among  which  was  some  taken  at  York. 

The  British  were  commanded  by  general  Sheaffe, 
aind  the  fleet  by  Yeo :  the  Americans  by  general  Brown, 
of  the  militia ;  colonels  Mills  and  Backus  were  killed 
early  in  the  action.  r  .</ 

>  .Qn  the  I2th  of  June,  fifteen  days  after  Dearborne  hiA 
^landed  at  Niagara,  in  Canada,  the  British  fleet  of  seven 
sail  of  large  and  small  vessels,  captured  two  schooners 
and  some  boats  near  the  Eighteen-mile  creek,  12  iniles 
east  of  Niagara,  on  the  United  States'  shore  of  the  lake. 
They  were  laden  with  hospital  stores  for  the  army. 

On  the  15th,  some  soldiers  landed  from  the  fleet,  at 

the  mouth  of  the  Genesee  river,   and  took  off  fiom 

the  village  of  Ch&rlotteville,  500  barrels  of  flour  and 

pork,  and  a  large  boat  loaded  with  1,200  bushels  of 

com,  destined  for  the  army  at  Niagara. 

On  the  18th,  they  landed  at  Sodus,  burnt  iomjs bunt- 
ings, and  carri^  00*300  barrels  of  flour.         ^ 

About  the  23d  of  June,  captain  Chawicey,  of  one  of 
the  American  vessels,  captured  one  of  tlie  British  vcs- 
stlft  (Ahe  Lady  Murray,)  laden  with  military  stores.  *^ 

On  the  !^4th  of  June,  general  Dearbornc^sent  out  570 
^eo,  under  colonel  Bcerstler,  in  pursui^t^^t^^  British 
near  the  Beaver  Dams,  16  miles  fr^vivRlK  George  : 
they  were  surrounded  by  a  numbei  •ffJNritiih  and  In- 
dians, and  all  killed  or  taken. 

0  3  .       "  ^ 


f ». 


ri. 


n 


'.>! 


»■% 


i  > 


♦  (    ^W2    ) 

On  the  27th  of  June,  general  De  RotUnburgh  arrived 
in  Upper  Canada^  as  govern<N:pf  the  same. 
'  On  the  10th  of  July,  250  British  crossed  over  the 
Niagara  river,  below  Squaw  Island,  .and  marched  up  to 
Black  Rock ;   the  militia  in  that  place  (only  a  few)  re- 
treated, and  the  British  burnt  the  Jbarracks  and  block- 
house, took  some  salt,  flour  and  pork,  three  field  pieces, 
and  one  twelve-pounder,     in  a  little  time  the  militia  re* 
inforced,  and  came  upon  the  British  ;    an  engagement 
took  ptace  for  fifteen  minutes,  when  the  British  re- 
treated over  the  river  with  some  loss, 
[   On  the  i7th  of  July,  200  British  attacked  the  Ameri- 
can, picket  guards :   detachments  were  sent  out^  and 
drove  them  back  with  loss.     About  this  time  general 
Dearborne  received  orders  to  resign  the  command  of  the 
army  and  general  Wilkinson  tpok  it. 
,    The  2lstof  July,  Foi't  Meigs  was  besieged  by  the 
British  and  Indians,  2000  strong.    However,  it  appear, 
cd,  that  the  Americans  made  a  heroic  resistance  under 
mijor  Croghan,  and  that  the  besiegers  retired  a  little  ; 
and  that  general  Harrison  wa<|.  on  his  way  ^o  the  fort 
vifith  Ireififorcements. 

^  %jn  the  23d  of  July,  six  British  vessels  came  near  to 
Erie,  and  made  some  little  attempts  to  injure  the  Ameri- 
can fleet  under  commodore  Pen;y4  which  was  some^ 
what  less  than  that  of  the  British. 

On  the  ^9Hi  of  July,  cpmmodoie  Chauncey  sailed 
wijth  his  m^  Jo^the  head  of  take  Ontario,  (40  miles,) 
limere  |!e  wo^^  9Qine  troops^  with  an  intention  of  at» 
tackklg  some  6f  ttae' British  and  Indians.  However  it 
WtetidjfdoSe. 


it-It-** 


/* 


(    2«    ) 


rgh  arrived 

i  over  the 
rched  up  to 
r  a  few)  re- 
and  block- 
ieW  pieces^ 
e  militia  re* 
ngagemqit 
British  re* 

ihe  Amteri- 
'  out;,  and 
le  general 
M^ndofthe 

ed  by  the 
it  appear, 
ice  under 
a  little ; 
the  fort 

e  near  to 
e  Ameli- 
as fome^ 

iy  sailed 
0  miles,) 
>n  of  at« 
wcver  it 


The  fleet  then  sailed  to  York.  The  British  troc^ 
stationed  there,  retreated  before  the  fleet  came  to  anchor, 
and  when  th^y  came  away,  took  six  or  seven  hundred 
barrels  of  flour,  some  boats,  and  other  things. 

The  barracks  ap^  public  store-houses  were  burnt. 
A  number  of  the  inhabitants  came  away  also. 

On  the  2d  of  August,  1,200  British  landed  from  Lake 
CbkmplaiA  at  Platcsburgh  ;  what  little  force  was  there, 
r^r^ated  with  safety  :  they  burnt  all  the  publif^i)uild« 
i^gs  in  the  place  :  there  were  no  stores  there.  t 

About  the  7th,  the  British  fleet  came  near  Fort 
/George,  and  the  American  fleet,  which  pursued  them* 
^ut  did  not  come  up  with  them,*  Both  of  the  fleets 
were  ir>»^  oeuvreing  in  sight  of  each  other  for  three 
days  ;  a^  th  the  British  succeeded  in  cutting  off  two 
/of  the  ^«i^crican  schooners,  viz.  the  Julia,  of  three 
guns,  and  the  Growler  of  Ave.    Both  were  captured. 

It  also  appears,  that  on  the  10th  of  August,  two  other 
schooners  were  upset  in  a  gale,  viz,  the  Scourge,  pf 
eight  guns,  and  the  Hamilton ;  sixteen  persons  were 
saved  out  of  ninety.  Two  others  have  been  condemned 
as  unflt  for  serrice,  viz.  the  Fair  American  and  the 
Pcrt^  These  dbasters  happened  near  the  head  of  the 
lake. 

On  the  17th  of  August,  a  company  of  volunteers  and 
Indians,  from  round  about  Buffalo,  in  the  state  of  New- 
York,  under  the  command  of  general  Porter,  arrived 
at  Fort  George,  in  number  about  30<K.  These,  tinder 
the  command  of  major  Chapini  and  200  regulars^  ua- 

*  The  fbree  of  tbt  tvo  iktti  wu  about  sqial. 
04 


L''   '"'it 

I 

ill 


i:^. 


!   i 


-V-,"   ,^ 


(    244    ) 

der  major  Cummings  of  t&e  16th  infantry,  made  an  at- 
tempt to  cut  off  one  of  the  Biitish  pickets.  Although 
they  were  disappointed  in  theiir  primary  object,  yet  the 
Q^ritish  picket  was  routed  with  some  loss. 
.  The  American  Indians  captured  twelve  of  the  British 
Indians  and  four  whites  ;  and  a  considerable  number 
were  killed  also.  We  have  no  account  what  number  of 
Americans  were  killed,  but  no  doubt  there  werie  com«lw' 

It  appears,  previous  to  the  7th  September,  the  British 
Heet  had  been  laying  some  time  at  anchor  miar  l^e 
mouth  of  the  Four-mile  Creek,  3  miles  westjof  Fort 
George,  where  there  were  some  batteries ;"'  but  on  the 
7ih  it  weighed  anchor,  and  stood  close  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Niagara  river,  near  Fort  George.  ^ 

/  Commodore  Chauncey  had  been  at  anchor  also  for 
some  time,  up  the  Niagara  nver,  when  he  discovered 
the  British  fleet  at  day  light ;  he  immediately  made  sail 
in  chase,  which  was  continaed  for  three  days,  nearly 
all  round  the  lake. 

At  length,  on  the  11th,  near  the  Genesee  river, 
the  General  Pike  (the  commodore's  vessel,)  came  so 
near  some  of  the  British  vessels,  as  to  have  a  running 
fight  for  three  or  fisur  hours  ;  however  it  was  but  little 
injured  ;  not  a  man  was  hurt. 

•  On  the  morning  of  the  12th,  the  British  fleet  put  in- 
to Amherst  bajp,  12  miles  west  of  Kingston,  (my^e" 
fiouSf)  where  commodore  Chauncey  endeavored  to 
blockade  it,  not  willing  to  go  in,  supposing  the  place  to 
be  dangerous  ;  but  on  the  17th,  unobserved  by  Chaun- 
fey,  sir  James  sailed  down  to  Kingston. 

On  the  lOth  of  Se£tember,  as  the  American  fleet  oi|, 


made  an  at- 

Although 

ect,  yet  the 

-the  British 
)Ie  number 
t  number  of 
^re«om«. 
the  British 
r  niear  th^ 
tstdi  Fort 
but  on  the 
ie  mouth  of 

lor  also  for 
discovered 
r  made  sail 
lys,  nearly 

isee  river, 
)  came  so 
a  running 
tii  but  little 

leet  put  in- 
m,  (my^e" 
avored  to 
ie  place  to 
t>y  Chaun* 

in  fleet  o^^ 


<    «^5    ) 

Lake  £rie»  under  the  command  of  commodore  Perry, 
was  at  anchor  at  th«  head  of  Lake  Eiie,  in  Put-in  bay, 
15  miles  from  Maiden,  the  British  fleet,  under  captain 
Barclay,  of  six  vessels  and  63  guns,  was  discovered. 
Commodore  Perry  had  nine  vessels  and  54  guns.  Per-, 
ry's  fleet  immediately  got  under  way  and  stood  to  meet 
the  British  fleet,  ^bout  10  o'clock,  the  American  fll^ 
^^>a^' feieinjid  in  line  of  battle,  and  at  15  minutes  before 
l^^'lhe  British  commenced  firing,  and  a  litile  after  12 
Hie  action  began  on  the  part  of  Perry.  ^ 

Th<^  firing  of  the  British  was  very  destructive  on  ac- 
rtsoont  of  their  long  guns,  and  was  chiefly  directed  at  the 
brig  Lawrence,  (the  commodore's  vessel,)  who  seeing 
the  great  danger  she  was  in,  and  being  determined  to 
conquer  if  possible,  made  sail,  and  ordered  the  other 
vessels  to  follow,  for  the  purpose  of  closing  with  the 
British. 

In  a  little  time  she  was  so  injured  in  her  rigging,  that 
she  became  unmanageable  ;  yet  in  this  situation  she 
sustained  the  fir:iBof  the  British  for  two  hours,  withii^  a 
few  hundred  yards ;  at  length  every  gun  wais  ren- 
dered useless,'  and  all  her  crew  either  killed  or  woi^hd- 
ed  except  eight,  which  was  merely  enough  to  manage 
one  gun,  and  the  last  that  was  fired  was  done  by 
the  help  of  Peri:y  himself. 

At  half  past  2,  captain  Elliott,  of  the  brig  Niagara, 
brought  his  vesrel  into  close  action  with  the  British. 
In  this  awful  crisis,  commodore  Perry  left  hit  vessel 
(the  Lawrence)  to  the  command  of  lieutenMt  Yftrntll, 
and  passed  to  the  Niagara.*  "* 

*  Ptrhips  a  moix'heroie  action  wai  never  achie^-ed  Vy  roorttJ  mai* 


V  '. 


1^ 


I 

m 


I  'I 
f  m 


.H-i' 


•A'> 


,(    246    ) 


Soon  after  Perry  left  the  Lawrenee  her  flag  came 
Aown,  bulas  the  British  were  not  able  to  take  pos9t^ 
«i,Ot|  of  her,  it  was  hoisted  agsiin.  Tv 

At  45  miittites  past  2,  the  signal  was  given  for  close 
action.  The  JSiagara^  with  Perry,  then  bore  4]p  in  or- 
der to  break  the  line  of  the  Briti:^h  ships,  and  which 
WW  soon  effected.  As^she  passed  ahead  of  their  two 
ships  and  brig,  she  gave  them,  a  raking  fire,  frpjmi^  her 
starboard  guns,  and  also  to  a  large  schooiler  and  ^Ip^p 
on  the  larboard  side,  at  half  pistol  shot  distance ;  at  the 
same  time  all  the  American  fleet  kept  up  a  tremendous 
and  well  directed  fire  upon  the  British,  whi^h  did  great 
execution,.^ 

In  a  little  time  ibur  of  the  largest  vessels  of  the  British 
struck  their  colors ;  the^other  two  endeavored  to  escape, 
}>ut  all  to  no  pt^rpose  ;  all  were  captured  sind  taken  in- 
to Sandusky  bay,  on  the  United  States'  side,f  where 
the  prisoners,  about  600,  were  landed  and  marched  to 
ChillicothcJ 

It  appears  that  on  the  19th  of  September,  general 
Handpton,  commanding  at    Burlinj^ton,  marched   biA  ^ 


To  pM»  from  one  vessel  to  another  in  an  open  boat,  amidst  tlie  flying 
■hafis  of  deatli,  and  niifjhty  thunder,  and  that  fur  the  purpose  ot  croud- 
ing  sttll  ekMi^r  in  the  arms  of  danger,  to  lose  liteori^ain  victory  for  the 
benefit  of  others,  discovers  a  soul  highly  touched  with  a  sensibiiity  af 
honor,  greatness  of  inind,  and  contempt  of  death* 

t  On  tilts  occasioD  there  was  a  general  illuminaiion  throughout  all  the 
citioi^Mii  toimi  in  ilie  United  States,  expressive  of  tlieir  approbntiou  on 
so  gitfat  flOh  eveht. 

I  *tiie  Bnitilfcpnsoners,  both  officers  and  soldiers,  speak  in  high  t«rm< 
of  the  tefideraess  of  commodore  Perry  to  them;  this  is  the  rHMt  beautiftfi 
feature  of  his  4eharacter< 


'  flag  came 
take  posses- 
en  for  close 
rt  Alp  in  Gr- 
and which 
r  thcdr  tivo 

rand|lp^p 
nee;  ^tth« 
remendo^s 
^  ^i^  greaf 

the  British 

to  escape, 

taken  in- 

B,f  where 

arched  td  * 

general 
ched   bi^ 


■  j^^. 


St  tlie  flyii^ 
wc  of  croud- 
ory  for  the 
enaibiiity  ^T 

tout  all  the 
robntjoa  on 

It  benutiftfi 


*         '  {     247     )  ^ 

« 

troops,  about  5000,  towards  Lower  Canada,  and  itf  a. 
few  days  crossed'  into  it  at  Odleton^  where  he  killed 
and  took  a  few  of  the  British  ;  he  then  retreated  back 
and  formed  his  march  towards  Sackett's  Harbor,  dis- 
tant about  250  miles  through'  much  woods ;  boweyef 
he  stopped  at  Chataage.  ' 

On  the  23d  Septtoiber,  <commoflore  Perry  assist^ 
general  Harrison  to  lapd  twelve  hundred  tare  >r)  oii  an 
island  in  Lake  Erie,  half  way  between  Sani^tisky  Bay 
and  Maiden,  and  on  the  2$th,  the  tvliole  army  was 
landed  at  Maiden,  and  took  possession  of  it,  <lirliich  the 
British  had  evacuated  and  burnt.  On  the  29th,  Har* 
rison  pursued  them  as  far  as  Sandwich,  but  they  hact^ 
withdrawn  up  the  Bjver  La  Trench,  or  Thames  about 
80  miles.  From  Sandwich,  Harrison  p  irsued  Proctor, 
and  on  the  evening  of  the  5th  of  October,  overtook 
him  near  Moravian  town« 

The  British  had  posted  themselves  inan  advantageous 
Situation,  to  which  but  part  of  the  American  army 
could  approach,  being  3500  strong.  A  considerable 
portion  of  Harrison's  army  were  mounted  rifkfe^if 
from  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  unto  whom  a  rifle  is  Jrat 
little  incumbrance ;  Harrison  therefore  gave  orders  that 
the  British  should  be  attacked  b>  them. 

On  the  first  approach,  which  was  made  at  full  speed,' 
a  heavy  discharge  was  made  from  the  whole  British  lin^, 
upon  which  the  horses  recoiled  ;  but  having  formed 
again,  they  succeeded  in  breaking  the  lines  of^tl^rWhote 
army.  Unable  to  form  again,  the  British  «iiecl  for 
quarters,  yet  the  body  of  Indians  were  not  so  soon 
conquered,  made    a  desperate    resistance;    nevertht- 


m 


i 


Mi 


m 

'''    'ill 

:  '•I;  I ' 


(     «*»     > 


less  the  victory  iK^as  comp1ele->-700  regulars  were  cap- 
Cured,  although  the  most  of  the  Indians  who  were  ih 
the  battle  fled  to  the  wilderness.  Proctor  and?  a  few 
more  made  their  e*i;ape/ 

In  this  expedition  comtnodore  Perry  volunteer  fc«  his' 
#i^cei|  and  acted  ats'aid-de  camp  to  general  Harrison,  ^ 

IGTovemor  Shelby,  aged  ^ixty-4;hr^e  years,  commanded 
a  large  force  in  the  expedition  also^  and  acted  with  great 
skill  and  courage. 

In  thi»  ilieiporable  victory.  Which  was  of  infinite  betie. 
fitto  thdirlh^^sints  of  an  extensive  frontier,*  the  cde^ 
brated  warrior  Tecumeh,  was  killed  by  captain  Johnson^ 
who  commanded  a  corps  of  mounted  riflemen,  and  was 
on  the  left  of  the  regiment,  at  which  point  a  great  mass 
of  Indi^nit  wer«  olle<;t€id,  yet,  regardless  of  danger,  he 
nv^hedinto  tlr^  midst  of  theiii.  A  shoWer  of  balls  were 
d^charged  at  him  ;  some  took  eflect — ^his  horse  was 
shot  under  him.    At  the  moment  his  horsi^^fell,  Tecum- 

i>eh  rushed  towiM^  him  with  ati  uplifted  tomahawk,  to 

■    ■    '  '-'Pi.  \ 

-^yr^lnformatlon  of  this  victory  reached  Philaaetphia,  a  nomber  of 
Vli^taUeiiilMbitantt  waited  on  the  mayor,  ;Mr.  l^ker,l<nr  permiifioato 
UKuninatethecity,  which  wai  granted  with  pleasure,  and  in  hi>  Prachf 
ination,  notes,  with  tome  propriety,  '*  By  this  vietoiy,  fhr  wiw«^  niaids, 
and  iufanu  on  our  frontiers,  wilf'be  preserved'  fWm  Britidi  ana  Indian 
iii]^t^  knives  and  toioahawks."  The  mayorltarUieir  remarked,  that  he 
hoped  dM  person  or  property  of  noone  would  be  distUKbed,  whp  did  not 
tbidLjpN|er  to  join  in  the  general  joy.  Indeed  the  greatest  blessings  that 
m^iq^iAlEhieiiyoy  in  this  world,  is  that  of  having  full  liberty  toaatas  they 
phflMoin  all  thiqgs  that  do  not  injure  their  ftHow^reatnfes ;  and  any  g0¥> 
ciiiiMni^'inlividual  who  strives  to  prevent  any  one  llrom  enjoying  this 
nanvat  i^ilvllQge,  flommits«iMpisal  offidice  against  his  ow/i  iiit^iest,«gBinit 
the  Intaftsi  of  society,  and  againM  heaven  also.  AcljOtdingiy  the  illumi' 
aatioa  jtodk  place  on  the  Slit,  and  was  conducted  with  nsil^  nn^dention. 


\4  *-t;i  -xii,  .'^v$rj 


TS  were  cap- 
vho  were  iii 
r  and?  a  few 

unteert«  his' 
Harrison/^^ 
commanded 
i  with  great 


'-W'> 


;/'i 


ti6iiite1)^e. 
!r,*thc  ce!e- 
lin  Johnsdn^ 
en,  and  was 
L  great  mass 
danger,  he 

f  balls  were 

■I 

horse  was 
ell,  Tecum- 
lahawk,  to 

1,  a  n^iiincttir 

irpecmiantiato 

in  lv«.  Fniela> 

wiweL  maids, 

lb  tinff  IfidiaD 

irked,  that  he 

,  whpdid  not 

bkanngithat 

toattas  they 

and  any  g|>¥- 

enjoying  this 

>t^iest,acuiiic 
:lythe  illiimi' 

modenticMi. 


g^ve  the  fatal  stroke ;  but  his  presence  of  mind  did  not 
forsake  him  in  this  perilous  predicamei^(-.he  drew  a  pi&^ 
tolfrom  his  holsters,  and  .laid  his  daring  opponent  dead 
at  his  feet.  He  was  unable  to  do  more,  the  loss  of  blood 
having  deprived  him  of  strength  to  stand.  Fortunately, 
at  the  moment  of  Tecumseh's  fall,  the  enemy  gave  way- 
he  was  wounded  in  fiye  places.  Six  Americans  and 
twenty^wo  Indians  feu  within  twenty  yards  of  thei^t 
where  Tecumseh  was  killed,  and  the  trains  of  blood  al- 
most covered  the  ground. 

;  After  Hardson  had  obtained  thin  victory,  the  several 
tr^|u^  of  Indians  residing  in  the  Michigan  terri|:ory  and 
adjacent  country,  sued  for  peace  with  the  United  States, 
and  brought  in  some  of  their  women  and  children  sis 
hostages. 

On  the  28th  September,  commodore  Chauncey  dis- 
covered the  British  fleet  towards  York,  and  went  in  puiv 
suit.  On  the  29th, the  General  Pike  came  into  action, 
livithit,  and  after  having  a  few  men  killed  and  wounded 
by  the  British,  and  the  bursting  of  ajgon^and  Jestroying 
a  mast  from  off  the  Wolfe  and  ^6yiA^  George,  the  Bri- 
tish got  under  their  batteries  on  the  height  of  Buriinj^ 
ton,  at  4  o'clock;  commodore  Chauncey  then  returned' 
to  Fort  George.  "*   *  "' 

On  the  1st  of  October,  the  American  army  at  Fott 
George,  under  general  Wilkinson,  left  that  place  in  ZQQ^ 
boat8,for  Sackett's  Harbor, under  cdnvoy  of  Chauneey'ii 
fleet,  after  which  Chauncey  went  in  ^uest  of  the  Bil^h: 
fleet  towards  Kingston. 

Oh  the  5th,  he  descried  seven  sail,  consistii^  bf  five 
schooners,  #ne  sltop  and  a  gun-boat.    The  schoonetii ' 


"'If 


■  ll'i 


k 


jnlfi] 


m 


m 


^f  1! 


ii"s  iff 


C    250    ; 


^vere  taken  without  resistance  ;  the  sloop  was  burnt  and 
abandoned ,  and  the  gun^boat  run  to  shore. 

About  300  prisoners  were  taken. 

On  the  29th  of  October,  after  the  victory  over  Proc- 
tor gen.  Harrison  arrived  at  Fort  George  with  about 
two  thousand  regular  troops. 

.';  At  this  time  the  British  under  gen.  Vincent,  were 
fojrtified  pn  the  heights  of  Burlington,  at  the  west  end  of 
the  bay  of  that  name,  with  an  army  of  about  sixteen  hun- 
dred regulars,  Indians,  and  militia. 

The  situation  of  Vincent's  army  was  truly  command- 
ing* as  the  front  of  the  heights  is  about  thirty  perpen- 
dicular ^ct  above  the  surface  of  the  lake,  and  the  pro- 
montoi^  on  which  the  works  were  placed  was  of  a  pre* 
cipitous  nature  dn  either  side,  subsiding  into  deep  hol- 
lows, through  which  ran  two  streams  of  water.      ^^  .    . 

The  approach  to  this  place  from  the  lake  is  truly  ha- 
inrclous,  as  also  on  either  side,  yet  on  the  west  it  is 
level ;  but  in  order  to  get  to  it  the  circuit  would  be  ex- 
tensive  and  diflfipvlt  also,  as  it  leads  through  thick  wood- 
lands and  over  high  hills. 

Notwithstanding  these  difficulties,  it  appears  that.gens. 
Harrison  and  M'Clure  were  determined  to  risk  the 
event  of  trying  to  dislodge  Vincent  from  his  position, 
and  made  arrangements  accordingly;  and  by  joining 
Aeir  respective  forces,  especially  if  they  had  taken  a 
circuitous  route  through  Dundas,  they  might  have  ef. 
fiect^  their  object.  However,  a  few  hours  before  they 
Hrett  ready  to  start,  gen.  Wilkinson  sent  orders  for 
gen.  Harrison  to  come  to  Sackett's  Harbor,  who,  was 
obliged  to  embark  for  that  place  accordingly. 


al 
bl 
SI 


as  burnt  and 


y  over  Proc- 
i  with  about 

ncent,  were 
a  west  end  of 
sixteen  hun- 

y  cominand- 
Jirty  perpen- 
and  the  pro- 
vas  of  a  pre> 
ito  deep 
ten 
i  is  truly  ha- 
it  west  it  is 
/vould  be  ex- 
thick  wood- 

rs  that  gens. 
:o  risk  the 
is  position, 
by  joining 
ad  taken  a 
;ht  have  ef. 
before  they 
orders  for 
',  who.  was 


( 


t^t 


) 


Whatever  causes  or  considerations  might  have  exists 
at  that  time  to  justify  this  movement,  it  appears  to  have 
been  a  very  improper  and  unfortunate  one  for  the  United 
States. 

Had  Vincent's  force  been  captured,  or  driven  to  King, 
ston,  the  Americans  would  have  then  been  completely 
masters  of  all  that  part  of  Upper  Canada  from  Kingiston 
to  Detroit,  an  extent  oi  500  miles,  and  thereby  have  die. 
prived  the  British  governm^t  of  the  service  of  at  least 
10,000  soldiers,  (militia)  and  which  would  have  been  a 
joyful  thing  to  the  most  of  them ;  but  JFroni  the  circum- 
stance  of  leaving  this  force  in  the  midst  oi^  Upper  Cana. 
da,  and  making  the  attempt  to  reach  Montreal,  resulted 
the  necessity  of  evacuating  Foi^  Geoirke,  burning  New* 
ark,  and  crossing  the  line;  upon  which  is  predicated 
the  justification  (according  to  the  usage  of  war)  of  Qi9 
British  invasion  of  our  territdry,  add  the  depredatioiM 
committed  theri^. 

On  the  3d  of  Novelbiiber,  general  Wilkinson  started 
iro^  Crenadier  Inland,  mid  Way  between  Sackett*s  Ha^ 
bor  and  Kingston^  with  an  ariny  pf  ^^ojat  3,000  mMi, 
while  as  many  more  were  sent  by  lan^  dd^wn  the  sh(^f 
of  the  St.  Lawrence ;  the  i/di61e  being  on  an  expeditipii 
aeainsf'montreal. 

By  keeping  on  that  part  of  the  St.  Lawrence  which 
flows  on  the  south  side  of  Wolf  Island^  next  to  t¥e 
shoWof  the  state  of  New- York,  the  army  in  boats 
Were  not  disturbed  by  the  British  shipping  nor  batte* 
ries  at  Kingston. 

•   On  the  night  of  the  6th,  the  aimy  passed  the  fort  .at 
Prescott^  withitbujt  ^ttle  molestation  -,   but  on.  the  next 


f,,.',  ;:.»: 


yl 


.>i| 


(    252    ) 


d»jf  a  largeforce  under  colonel  feanlDfb  followed  ft  Oit 
the  bank  of  the  river,  as  also  doine  giin-boats,  both  <tf 
which  were  very  troublesome.  ''  * 

On  the  10th,  a  British  corps  of  observation  pressed 
hard  upon  the  Ameri^n  arntiy,  which  however  ivis 
aoQB  driven  baelrhy  a  detachment  that  was  landed  for 
^|0it  purpose. 

0Ax  pr  ft  of  tft^^irtiiy  whielllad  gone  by  land,  had 
llovir  crossed  the  ri^er  and  Jailicd  this  British  shore. 
f.  On  the  nth,  part  of  thjb  i^ritish  force  which  occupied 
the  bankftfltCthe  St. Lawrence,  came  to  an  engagemient 
with  a  detachment  of  the  American  army  under  genera] 
B<^^  who  again  footed  the  eneo^,  with  some  loss,  and 
pursued  them^a^dOfisiderabto  distance  to  Cryl^'sfannV 
which  is  in  the  township  of  l¥il)iam8burg,  20  miles  be^ 
tow  Cornwall  At  this  pla<se  the  British  ^ad  some  forti- 
$«iHons,  and»  tolerably  large  forc^  and  where  they 
nMsde  a  stand,  when  the  ba|^#%ecatte  obstinate  and 
bloody ;  and  as  the  night  aiiA^  slfTot  wereveommg  on, 
Uie/  American  army  retuji^ied  to  the  river,  where  they 
encamped  for  ^  the  u^llf  and  the  Biitish  pursued  at 
^reapectable^&nd^  ' 

In  point  ofufeimbers,  the  Americans  were  iinich  8U« 
perior  to  the  iSHtisti ;  *  and  hadit  not  beto^for  their  f<^iv 
tifications,  the]ri(h»hl%iv<ehe^%i^^^^      the  Ameri- 

General  Wilkinson  Mportiitf  t02  killed  and  19S 
grounded,  among  whoogi^  wlar^neral  Ci^v&gtoni  moiv* 

my*  *^ 

i^Thaeipectitton  against  Itfoiitreal  wiril^iklw  sd>andi«f» 
ed,  and  the  army  croated  tothe  Uhite^ililis,  and  went 


Ai 


(    253    ) 


IT 


lowed  it  (Til 
)ats/  both  of 

tion  presses 
owever  ^ii 
t  landed  for 

>y  land}  had 
h  shore, 
leh  occujHed 
engagement 
tider  general 
[|ielos(8,  and 
ryl^'s  farmV 
20  miles  be^ 
1  some  forti- 
inhere  they 
»8tinate  and 
coming  on. 
Inhere  thejr 
pursued  a^ 

miicTi  8ii« 
[>r  their  fdi^ 
theAmeri- 

and  19t 
g;tonji  moi>* 

Lamdwent 


up  Salmon  river  20  miles,  where  preparations  were 
made  foi  wintet*  quarters,  at  the  French  Mills. 

Four  circumstances  cons^red  to  produce  this  resolu- 
tion in  Wilkinson  and  the  other  officers  :  Fir$t,  be- 
cause of  the  opposition  which  the  army  met  with  from 
the  British,  at  the  time  when  th^  expedition  was  about 
ente  ingthe  di^n^erous  rapids  and  cascades  of  the  St* 
Lawrence ;  which,  however,  might  have  been  ejcpected. 

Secondly,  because  of  the^very  poor  health  of  general 
Wilkinson,  who  at  that  time  was  not  able  to  stnd  alone. 

Thirdly,  because  of  the  severity  of  the  weather,  which 
rendeted  it  very  dangerous  for  soldiers  to  be  exposed, 
especially  such  as  had  been  accustomed  to  a  milder 
climate,  which  was  the  case  with  the  greater  pait  of  Wil^ 
kinson's  army :  and 

Fourthly,  because  general  Hampton  and  his  a^  nay 
did  not  join  him  at  a  certain  place,  according  to  orders* 

Nothing  oi  consequence  took  place  while  the  Ameri- 
can army  lay  at  the  French  Mills  ;  however,  it  was  i^ct 
a  proper  place  for  so  large  an  army  to  winter,  being  in 
the  midst  of  a  country  that  is  almost  a  wilderness;  from 
which  circumstance  the  maintenance  of  .th6  army  wa:»«; 
very  expensive  to  the  United  States  ;  yeti^  was  the  best 
that  Wilkinson  could  command  at  that4ftnc.  -  '^'^ 

On  the  13th  of  February,  in  conformity  to  orders 
from  the  war  department,  the  American  army  left  the 
French  Mills;  part  of  which  marched  for  Ogdensburg 
anfil  Sackett*s  Harbor,  while  the  rest  took  the  road  to 
Flattsburg. 

Ajl  the  boats,  barracks,  and  fortification?  W8r«  bumtt 

P-. 


"1 


^,1 


'Iri'll 

1  m 


lit: 


(    254    ) 


On  the  19th,  the  British,  about  3000  strong,  crossed 
the  St.  Lawrence,  and  came  to  the  French  Mills;  from 
which  place  they  penetrated  into>the  state  of  New  York, 
to  the  township  of  Malone ;  and  on  the  21st  retreated, 
taking  with  them  a  considerable  quantity  of  public 
property,  principally'provisions. 

Previous  to  the  10th  of  December,  the  term  of  service 
of  the  greater  part  of  the  militia  attached  to  the  com- 
mand of  general  M*C  lure,  ft  Fort  George,  had  expired; 
and  notwithstanding  bounties  and  higher  wages  were 
offered  to  induce  them  to  stay  a  little  longer,  they 
would  not  comply ;  and  as  the  British  appeals  to  have 
had  a  knowledge  of  the  circumstance,  they  began  about 
that  time  to  assemble  and  march  a  large  body  of  troops 
towards  the  place.  ^^^ 

When  the  approach  of  the  British  was  understood  by 
general  M<GIure,  a  council  of  the  principal  officers  was 
iltmvened,  who  unanimously,  agreed  that  Fort  George 
ought  to  be  evacuated  immediately :  accordingly,  on  the 
10th,  the  fort  was  blown  up,  the  beautiful  village  of 
Newark  burnt,*  and  most  of  the  military  stores  taken 
over  the  river ;  but  so  close  did  the  Bi  itish  pursue,  that 
several  of  the  Americans  were  made  prisoners.  m  ' 

'^  On  the  19tll)  bek>re  day,  a  British  force  of  regi)hirs 
ftnd  Indians,  under  genetal  Drummond,  crossed  the 
Niagaia,  5  miles  above  Fort  Niagara — part  of  which 

-■i  *  It  is  some  pieMure  to  know,  that  thh  cnipl  and  Mvag^e  act,  which  Ac- 
printl  iM^rly  two  hiiiMlred  inuf^nsive  fttinilies  of  house  aiiU  home,  ii^the 
r-iitlst  ol'a  severe  winter,  meets  with  tlic  strongest  disapprobotioo  and 
tiis8:nst,  by  almoit  alt  the  humane  lontand  daugliteTi  of  Ihe  United  Stales* 
Ctiiural  M'CIure  lays  he  wntonktvd  «o  to  do  by  (hewer  depattment. 


mg,  crossed 
Mills ;  from 
New  York, 
5t  retreated, 
y  of  public 

'm  of  service 
to  the  com- 
lad  expired; 
wages  were 
onger,  they 
peaisto  have 
began  about 
)dy  of  troops 

iderstood  by 
officers  was 
ort  George 
ingly,  on  the 
il  village  of 
stores  taken 
pursue,  that 
crs, 

\  of  regulars 
crossed  the 
rt  of  which 

pe  let,  which  de- 

ihI  home,  ii|the 

|>|»robQtioa  aiid 

United  Suits. 

dfptttmrnt. 


I 

went  down  to  it,'  surprized  the  garrison,  about  1 60  in 
number,  whom.they  made  prisoners.    They  then  went 
up  the  river,  bum<^  Youngstown,  Lewiston,  lemd  chief- 
ly all  the  buildings  in  its  vicinity.    On  the  heights   of 
Lewiston  they  met  a  small  force,  which  they  routed. 

On  the  30th,  a  large  force,  about  3000,  crossed  the 
river  at  Black  Rock,  below  Buffalo.  On  tlie  shore  they 
were  met  by  general  Hall,  with  a  body  of  militia ;  but, 
like  destroying  angels,  no  f(j|rce  was  found  sufficient  to 
stop  their  progress,  which  was  marked  with  death  and 
destruction.  The  fine  village  «>f  Buffalo  was  soon  laid 
in  ashes,  and  some  vessels  also.  After  they  had  glutted 
their  horrible  reverge,  they  retunied,  leavinga  garrison 
at  FortMiagara;  which,  howev^r^  they  after^vtards  left, 
taking  with  them  much  public  property,  Such  is  the 
nuserable  business  of  war. 

About  the  middle  of  October,  1.613,  general  Ilanip 
ton's  army  crossed  Lake  Champlain  from  Burlington, 
and  proceeded  towards  Montreal,  in  Lower  Canada ; 
they  crossed  the  line  on  the  2ist.  The  army  proceed- 
ed in  two  divisions,  onf  oq  each  side  of  the  Chateaugy 
river,  which  falls  into  the  St.  Lawrence  ;  and  on  two 
diflerent  day«^  drove  in  the  British  pickets,  one  of  which 
they  succeeded  in  capturing.  Every, iprecauiion  had 
been  taken  to  intercept  the. progress  of  the  American 
army.  The  roads  vyere  filled  with  trees,  which  had 
been  previously  felled  in  evtry  dtrectiun  ;  the  bridges 
were  destroyed,  and  many  houses  burnt  or  pulled  down. 
Notwithstanding  these  impediments,  the  Americans 
continued  slowly  to  advance  tiU  the  26th,  when  the  ad> 
4'anced  guard  was  attacked  9n  both  sides  of  the  river 


?t 


ti 


'.n 


t\ 


1 


'•  m  I 


ri?^   AM 


I 


(    256    ) 

by  a  bddy  of  regulars,  militia  and  Indians,  posted  in 
strong  positions  in  a  wood,  flanked  l^  the  rii^r  and 
impassable  swamps.  The  attack  waK  several  times  re- 
newed, and  the  British  always  diiven  behind  their 
works. 

On  the  27thr.oneof  the  divisions  forded  the  river, 
and  the  whole  army  returned  within  the  American  lines. 
«^  ^'he  British  claim  great  merit  for  this  splendid  victo- 
ry^, lb  they  call  it,  which  they  assert  i^'as  achieved  by  A 
ibrce  of  only  300  men,  while  Hampton's  army  consist- 
ed of  about  3000  ;  however,  these  statements  of  the 
British  are  notcotrect,  nor  arethe>  the  official  ones. 
*  It  does  not  appear  that  it  was  Hampton's  intention 
to  push  dn  by  this  route  to  Montreal ;  but  rather  that 
this  movement  was  merely  intended  to  divei  t  the  atten- 
tion ot  the  British  from  their  movement  on  .  the  St. 
Lm^rence ;  and  this  end  being  completely  attained,  it 
was  not  his  wish  to  risk  the  loss  of  any  part,  however 
small,  of  his  army,  by  an  attempt  to  force  a  position  so 
strong  as  the  British  represent  this  to  have  been.       v 

On  the  30th  of  March,  181 4,  general  Wilkinson, 
with  about  2000  men  and  some  artillery,  marched  from 
Plattsburgh  into  Lower  Canada  by  the  way  of  Odell 
Town,  on  theli^t  side  of  Lake  Champlain,  at  which 
place  they  w<ire  met  by  the  out-posts  of  th^  British 
army  at  an  earV  hour  of  the  day,  who  were  driven  into 
La  Cole  Mill,  which  was  fortified  after  the  manner  of  a 
Mock  house,  and  which  was  large  and  strong,  being 
built  of  stone. 

This  mill  is  situated  near  the  mouth  «f  iLa  Cok  river. 


,  posted  hi 
!  riVer  and 
\  times  re- 
shind  thcit 

the  river, 

irican  lines. 

indid  victo- 

hieved  by  A 

my  consist- 

ents  of  the 

fficial  ones. 

s  intention 

rather  that 

t  the  atten- 

on ,  the  St. 

attained,  it 

however 

position  so 

sen.       * 

l^ilkinson, 

ched  from 

of  Odell 

at  which 

British 

riven  into 

anner  of  a 

ig,  being 

7ofe  river, 


(    257    > 

which  empties  into  Lake  Champlain  a  Uttle  above  it3 
discharge  into  Sore!  r>*ar. 

Before  this  mill,  wnich  contained  about  600  soldiers, 
Wilkinson  planted  his  cannon,  with  a  view  of  its  de- 
struction, which,  however,  he  was  unable  to  effect. 

However,  during  the  cannonade,  which  was  returned 
by  the  British  with  vivacity,  several  forties  and  desper- 
ate charges  were  made  from  the  mill  upon  the  American 
batteries,  which  were  repulsed  with  great  loss  on  both 
sides. 

The  American  army  was  placed  in  a  disadvantageous 
situation,  as  the  British  were  enabled  to  do  consideral^^ 
damage  with  their  muskets  through  the  loopholes  of 
the  mill  wall,  at  the  same  time  they  could  net-^be  reach- 
ed ;  as  also  from  the  cannon  of  a  sloop  and  several  gun- 
boats, which  were  brought  to  the  mouth  of  La  Cole 
river  from  the  Isle  Aux  Noix.  Under  these  difficulties, 
and  amidsit  such  dangers,  without  any  prospect  of  fluc^ 
cess,  general  Wilkinson  withdrew  the  army. 

The  number  of  Americans  killed  and  wounded  in  this 
action,  was  con6ideraf>le,  and  the  circumstances  at- 
tendant, discoui  aging  in  a  high  degree  ;  especially  as  it 
was  the  first  movement  in  the  third  campaign ;  but 
general  Wilkinson  thinks  that  it  was  <•  highly  benefi- 
cial to  the  service,  and  worth  a  whole  year*s  drill  of 
euipty  parades.*'  '    '^- 

In  consideration  of  the  failure  of  this  expedition, 
(which  report  says  was  undertaken  without  orders  from 
the  war  department,)  general  Wilkinson  was  suspended 
from  the  command  of  the  northern  army.* 

*  I  bcUere  it  U  tbe  j^nrml  opinion  of  the  people  of  the  United  Suitet, 

l»  2 


I 


^*'i 


i 


(    258    ) 

On  the  5th  of  May^  the  British,  naval  force»  consist- 
ing of  four  large  ships,  three  brigs,  and  a  number  of  gun 
'.and  other  boats,  were  discovered  at  the  dawn  oi  day 
about  7  miles  from  Fort  Oswego,  near  the  mouth  of  Os- 
wego river.  At  one  o'clock,  the  hostile  fleet  approached 
the  €ort,and  fifteen  boats,  at  a  given  signal,  moved  slow- 
ly towards  the  shore.  These  were  preceded  by  gun-boats, 
6^tit  to  rake  the  woods  and  cover  the  landing;  while 
the  large  vesseb  opened  a  heavy  Are  on  the  fort. 

As  soon  as  the  debarking  boats  came  within  reach, 
the  American  batteries  opened  a  successful  fire  upon 
them,  by  which  they  were  compelled  twice  to  retire, 
and  at  length  returned  to  the  ships,  and  the  whole  stood 
off  from  the  shore. 

Several  of  the  British  boats,  which  had  been  desert- 
ed, were  taken  up,  one  of  which  could  hold  150  men. 

At  break  of  day  on  the  6th,  the  hostile  fleet  appeared 
agdn,  bearing  up  under  easy  sail. 

The  ships  took  a  position  direc-l^  opposite  the  fort, 
and  for  three  hours  kept  up  a  tremendous  fire,  and 
thereby  eflected  a  landing ;  whk^,  however,  the  Ameri- 

tliat  general  Wilkinion  is  flrmly  attached  to  the  Intereati  of  hit  country, 
althou|;h  he  haa  nut  had  tlie  good  fortune  to  meet  with  the  entire  appro* 
batiMt  of  the  govertiment  in  hit  military  capacity ;  which,  indeed,  it  ia  al> 
moat  iinpoiMible  for  any  one  to  do,  who  haa  been  in  the  aervioe,  and  un-l 
der  the  inapcction  of  the  public,  aa  long  aa  him.    However,  he  is  certain*! 
ly  entitled  to  a  considerable  share  of  public  respect,  having  spent  morel 
than  twenty  yean  of  the  best  part  of  his  life  in  the  service  of  his  country,  | 
and  that  in  a  station  oAen  dangiawtts  and  always  depriving ;  and  intol 
which  he  voluntarily  entered  and  oootinued,  apparently  fur  no  other  pur-l 
pose  than  to  do  good  to  others :   We  therefore  should  be  cautious  of  en-[ 
ti'rtaining  a  bad  opinion  of  the  man  who  has  DO  ellwr  fbult  than  that  of 
bunc  unHneo^sful  in  his  endsavon  to  do  goodt 


cc»  consist- 
nber  of  gun 
awn  oi  day 
ionth  of  Os- 
approached 
xioved  slow- 
ly gun-boats, 
iing ;  while 
fort. 

ithin  reach, 
il  fire  upon 
e  to  retire, 
whole  stood 

been  desert- 
150  men, 

^ 

leet  appeared 

site  the  fort, 
us  fire,  and 
r,the  Ameri* 

ti  of  Us  country, 
the  entire  appro* 
h,  indeed,  it  ii  al> 
•ervioe,  and  un- 
vcr,  heiieertain- 
[%*ing  spent  more 
oe  of  his  Qountry, 
ivingi  and  into 
rfor  nootherpu^ 
e  cautious  of  en* 
fbult  thiD  that  of 


(    SI59     ) 

J 

*      •  u  - 

cans  opposed  under  lieutenant  colonel  Mitchell,  with 

their  accustomed  bravery,  for  thirty  minutes,  but  were 

overpowered  by  numbers,  being  not  more  than  300, 

while  the  British  were  1600  strong ;    they  retreated 

towards  the  falls. 

The  British  remained  at  the  fort  all  night,  and  on  the 

morning  of  the  7th,  after  having  burnt  the  public  build. 

ings  and  taken  what  little  rt:ilitary  stoi  es  wei  e  there,  left 

the  place. 

On  the  1  *th  of  May,  in  the  evening,  the  British  fleet 

of  four  ships,  two  brigs,  and  Ave  gun  boats,  were  seen 
from  Charlotte  village,    near^  the  mouth  of    Genesee 
river,  where  one  hundred  and  sixty  volunteers  were  sta- 
tioned, with  one  piece  of  artillery.     Expresses  were  im- 
mediately dispatched  vyith  information  to  captain  Hop- 
kins, and  others,  with  a  request  for  assistance.     On  Fri. 
day,  the  ISth^  at  twelve  o'clock,  the  British  commodore's 
new  ship  anchored  off  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  flent 
an  oflicer  on  shore  with  a  flag,  demanding  a  surreiider 
of  the  place,  and  promising  to  respect  private  property 
in  case  no  resistance  should  be  made,  and  all  public  pro- 
perty faithfully  disclosed  and  given  up,  which  however 
was  refused.    On  the  return  o^  the  flag,  two  gun.boat» 
with  about  two  hundred  and  lif^y  men  advanced  to  the 
mouth  of  the  river,  which  is  about  a  mile  from  the  town 
and  battery,  and  commenced  a  heavy  cannonade,  direct, 
ed  partly  to  the  town,  and  partly  to  bodies  of  troops  who 
had  been  placed  in  ravines  near  the  mouth  of  the  river. 
At  the  expiration  of  half  an  hour  a  flag  was  sent,  re- 
<|nesling  an  immediate  surrender  of  the  place,  with  a  de. 
claration,  in  cose  it  was  noi,  done,  twelve  hundred  regu. 


m 


I. 


4 


T 

',  '■' 


(    260    ) 


r 


\i 


lar  troops  and  hat  hundred  Indians  weuM  be  landed, 
and  tluit  it  would  be  best  to  remove  the  women  and  chil- 
dArtn,  as  he  (the  commodore)  could  not  be  accountable 
for^hc  conduct  of  the  Indians;  thi&  flag  was  answered  by 
gen.  Porter,  who  had  arrived  with  a  body  of  militia, 
that  the  town  would  not  be  surrendered,  and  that  if 
another  flag  should  be  sent  on  the  same  subject  it  would 
not  be  protected.  The  flag  then  returned  with  the  gun- 
boats to  the  fleet,  the  whole  of  which  came  to  anchor 
about  a  mile  from  the  shore,  where  they  lay  till  Satur- 
day, when  they  left  the  place. 

On  the  14th  of  May,  six  of  the  British  galleys  and  a 
"b6mb  vessel  came  to  the  mouth  of  Otter  creek,  which 
empties  into  the  east  side  of  Lake  Champlain  in  the 
township  of  Vergennes,  in  Vermont,  where  they  com. 
menced  an  action  against  the  batteries  at  the  place,  which 
however  compelled  them  to  retreat  with  loss.  The  in- 
tention of  the  British  was  to  get  at  the  shipping  higher 
up  the  creek. 

It  appears  that  about  the  middle  of  May,  a  small  naval 
force  sailed  from  Erie,  on  the  United  States*  side  of  the 
lake,  to  the  Canada  shore,  near  Long  Point,  where  they 
landed,  surprized  a  small  force,  took  a  considerable 
quantity  of  flour  which  >%as  manufactured  at  Riecer's 
mill,  which  they  burnt,  with  some  houses  and  stores ; 
and  for  which  some  blame  has  been  attached  to  the 
commander  of  the  expedition. 

tt  also  appears,  that  about  the  same  time,  commodore 
Yeo,  M'  the  British  fleet  of  seven  large  and  some  small 
veijsels,  on  Lake  Ontario,  came  to  anchopoflp  Sickett*s5 
Harbor,  with  the  determination  to  blockade  the  Ameri' 


be  landed, 
m  and  chil- 
ccountable 
nswered  by 
'  of  militia, 
uid  that  if 
ict  it  would 
th  the  gun- 
to  anchor 
r  till  Satur- 

ileys  and  a 
Bek,  which 
lain  in  the 
they  com. 
ace,  which 
The  in- 
ig  higher 

iTiall  naval 
ide  of  the 
^here  they 
nslJerable 
Riecer*s 

d  stores ; 

d  to  the 

mmodore 
)me  small 
Sick«tt's 
le  Ameri' 


(    261     ) 

* 

can  fleet  under  commodore  Chauncey,  and  which  has 
been  jdone  till  this  date  ;  and  that  it  seems  unlikely  that 
Cbauncey  will  be  able  to  drive  him  away  for  .{fometime, 
as  the  completion  of  a  large  ship  building  at  the  Harbor, 
will  be  delayed  on  account  of  part  of  the  guns  and  other 
appendages  intended  far  it,  being  taken  by  the  Brit^h 
at  Oswego. 

It  appears  also,  that  the  British  expect  to  have  another 
ship  fmished  at  Kingston  by  the  15th  of  July  ;  and  that 
the  skeletons  of  two  large  vessels  built  in  England,  are 
on  their  way  up  the  St.  Lawrence  for  the  lake. 

On  the  30th  of  May,  some  British  landed  at  the 
mouth  of  Sandy  creek,  which  empties  into  Lake  Onta- 
rio not  far  above  Sackett*s  Harbor,  and  succeeded  in 
taking  away  two  pieces  of  cannon ;  however,  a  compa* 
iiy  of  American  riflemen  came  upon  them,slnd  killed  or 
made  prisoners  of  nearly  the  whole,  among  whom  were 
several  officers  oi  the  nary. 

It  appears  that  about  the  middle  of  May,  general  Wil* 

liam  Harrison  resigned  the  command  of  the  western 

army,  and  that  general  A.  Jackson,  of  Tennessee,  who 

has  been  so  successful  against  the  Creek  Indians,  was 

requested  to  take  that  command,  and  complied  accord. 

ingly.    The  hopes  of  those  who  wish  the  subjection  of 

the  ^British  possessions  are  highly  raised  upon  the  ap. 

pcuntment  of  general  Jackson.     The  prospects  of  sue 

cess  upon  the  next  movements  that  are  made  in  the 

noiih  and  west,  are  predicated  upon  the  late  success  of 

this  gentleman  against  the  southern  Indians,  and  his  flne 

miliUry  tal^nti* 

P4 


I 


1 

t 


ti 


!B 


H 


'I 


■  \ 

til,; 


III 


I  ft 


;i 


..>*»  1 


^t^m(Hi(^^  %^u^!^ 


i^  events  which  have  taken  place,  relatwe  to  the  war  in 
America,  since  theWth  of  January,  1812,  compt^hend-^ 
ing  t^  that  are  mentioned  in  tlus  book,  and  m^ny  others 
aiso. 


January  11,  1812— 'An  additional  military  force  of 
25,000  men  authorised  by  congress. 
,  June  18 — War  declared  against  Great  Britain^  by  the 
IJnited  States. 

June  23 — British  Orders  in  Council  revoked. 

August  13 — H.  B.  M.  sloop  of  war  Alert,  of  20  guns, 
taken  by  the  U.  S.  frigate  Essex. 

August  16-^Thc  American  force  of  about  2000  men, 
under  the  command  of  general  Hull,  surrendered  to  the 
British  at  Detroit. 

Au^st  19 — The  British  frigate  Guerrier,  rating  38 
guns,  captured  by  the  American  frigate  Coinalitulipny 
rating  44  guns,  and  commanded  by  captain  Hull.  Thf 
British  frigate  had  16  men  killed  and  61  wounded,  UJi^ 
American  7  killed  and  7  wounded. 

October  17 — The  Biitish  sloop  of  war  Frolic,,  c&ptiir* 
«d  by  thi<s  United  States*  sloop  of  war  Wtap.  The  twa 
were  0oon  >fter  captured  by  the  Polctierft  ipf  74  guns. 


(    263    ) 


*k      iff 


\<^i$ 


e  war  tn 
ny  otfters 


force  of 
n,  by  the 

20  guns, 

00  men, 
ed  tothe 

atin^  38 

«•  % 


*he  two 

tuns. 


'  October  25 — The  Britis^w  frigate  Macedonian,  rating 
38  guns,  captured  by  the  American  frigate  United 
States,  rating, 44  guns j  and  co^imandedby  ca|)lain  De- 
catur. 

November  27  and  December  1 — General  Smyth  made 
an  attempt  each  diy  to  cross  from  Black  Rock  into  Ca- 
nada in  boats,  with  2,500  men,  but  entirely  gave  over 
the  project. 

December  29 — The  British  frigate  Java,  of  38  guns, 
captured  by  the  American  frigate  Constitution,  commo* 
dore  Bainbridge. 

January  22,  1813 — General  Winchester  surprized 
and  defeated  by  the  British  and  Indians,  at  the  river 
Raisin. 

-  February  23—- I'he  British  sloop  of  war  Peacock,  of 
18  guns,  sunk,  after  an  action  of  15  minutes,  by  thue 
American  sloop  of  war  Hornet,  captain  Lawrence.  «; 

April  15 — Mobile  taken  by  a  detachment  from  the 
United  States'  army,  under  the  command  of  major-genr 
eral  Wilkinson. 

April  27— York,  in  Upper  Canada,  taken  by  the 
Americans.    The  American  general  Pike  killed. 

May  1,  2  and  3 — General  Harrison  was  attacked  in 
Fort  Meigs  by  the  British. 

JSlay  i3<— Commodore  Chauncey  arrrivedat  Sackett's 
Harbor,  when  the  remains  of  general  Pike  were  interred 
with  the  honors  oi'  war. 

May  27--Fort  George,  in  Upper  Canada,  captured  by 
t})e  Americans* 

June  l^^(^e  Ameiican  frigate  Chesapeake  of  38 


; 


i 


P 


)• 


i",\ 


< 
' 


(    264     ) 

V 

guns,  captured  by  the  Brfitish  frigate  Shannon,  of  S8 
guns. 

January  22,  181 4 — General  Jackson  defeats  the 
Creek  Indians,  with  considerable  slaughter,  near  the 
Talapoosa. 

Febniary23 — The  Hon.   Messrs.  Clay  and  Russel, 
Commissioners  to  treat  with  Great  Britain,  took  their 
departure,  at  New  York,  in  the  corvette  John  Adams, 
to  join  the  American  commissioners  previously  sent  to 
Gottenburgh. 
>      March — The  number  of  public  and  private  armed 
vessels,  captured  from  the  British  by  the  Americans, 
from  the  commencement  of  thjC  present  war  till  ^is 
month  amounted  to  84-7.  ,     • 

March  4— *Captain  Holmes,  with  a  detachment  of 
American  troops,  defeated  a  strong  detachment  of  Bri- 
tish troops  on  the  river  de  Franche. 

March  14 — A  bill  making  appropriations  for  the  sup> 
port  of  the  military  establishment  of  the  United  States 
for  the  year  18 14-,  was  passed  by  the  Senate. 

March  19— A  bill,  authorising  a  loan  for  #25,000,000, 
passed  the  Senate. 

March  31 — An  action  at  La  Cole,  in  which  the  Amer- 
icans attacked  the  British  stiongly  posted.  But  after 
the  display  of  much  bravery,  the  former  were  forced  t» 
retire,  without  having  dislodged  their  enemy. 

March  27 — General  Jackson  defeats  and  disperses 
the  Creek  Indians  with  great  slaughter. 

May  2 — General  Hull  sentenced  to  llfieshot  for  cow- 
ardice, but  recommended  to  the  mercy  of  tiic  president, 
who  remitted  his  sentence.  '^ 


ion,  of  S8 

iefeats  the 
;  near  the 

lid  Russely 
took  their 
hn  Adams, 
ily  sent  to 

ate  armed 
Americans, 
ir  till  this 

:hment  of 
;nt  of  Bri- 

»r  the  sup- 
ted  States 

5,000,000, 

-■■.*' 

:he  Amer- 
But  after 
\  forced  to 

dis{)er3es 

t  for  cow- 
president, 


-m 


h  \^^.:*^vx^-- 


A*...-'. 


mMumm$^ 


%*■■' 


■i^- 


IN  seriously  reviewing  tlie  various 
events  which  have  transpired,  having  rela- 
tion to  the  United  States,  within  the  com- 
pass of  two  years,  I  am  led  to  the  following 
reflections : 

That  there  has  long  existed  a  suffi- 
cient cause  of  loud  complaint,  and  perhaps 
a  declaration  of  war,  against  Great  Britain 
by  the  United  States,  no  one  who  is  ac- 
quainted with  facts  will  deny. 

To  induce  Great  Britain  to  respect  our 
maritime  rights,  upon  which  much  of  our 
prosperity  depends,  the  President  of  the 
United  States  recommended  a  declaration 
of  war  against  her ;  and  tlic  subjection  of 
the  Canadas,  which  he  thought,  and  mawy 
other  wise  men,  would  be  effectual,  and 
that  it  might  be  done  without  much  loss 
to  the  community.    In  all  tliis  I  firmly  be- 


ii 


' 


.41 


J; 


i:^,^ 


I 


I 
■■■ 


(    266    ) 

lieve  the  executive  had  a  strict  regai  ii:  to  th© 
interest  and  honor  of  the  unions  notwith- 
standing past  events  have  not  justified  the 
expectation* 

^H  Although,  for  my  part,  I  have  never  be- 
lieved that  the  subjection  o£  the  Canadas 
would  cause  Great  Britain  to  respect  our 
mai'itime  rights,  but  that  it  would  rather 
hftve  the  contrary  effect,  yet  I  have  never 
felt  a  disposition  to  cavil  at  our  government 
because  it  was  their  belief,  but  have  ever 
sympathised  in  the  misfortunes  of  my  coun- 
try, which  it  has  sometimes  been  my  pain- 
ful task  to  witness  and  record-  It  has  ap- 
peared to  me  that  had  congress  appropriat- 
ed a  large  sum  of  money  to  the  building  of 
a  large  navy,  instead  of  declaring  war,  that 
before  now  Great  Britain  would  have  en- 
tered into  an  honorable  treaty  with  us,  and 
would  have  respected  it  from  fear  and  inter* 
est;  liowever  it  has  not  been  done,  and  we^ 
as  a  band  of  brotliers,  must  bear  our  fate 
with  fortituik,  and  do  the  best  we  can,  rely- 
ing on  the  divine  interposition  in  our  favor. 
In  reviewing  the  conduct  of  tl^e  executive 
in  the  management  of  the  w^^  X  cannot 
help  discovering  ms^nifest  eiideftvors  for 


lu  to  th© 
notwith- 
ified  the 

lever  bc- 
Canadas 
pect  our 
id  rather 
VQ  never 
^eriiment 
ave  ever 
my  coun- 
my  pain- 
it  has  ap- 
propriat- 
ilding  of 
wsLVf  that 
have  en- 
1  US9  and 
nd  inter* 

and  we^ 
our  fate 
Ian,  rely- 

r  favor. 
Ixecutive 

cannot 

ors  for 


(   «67    ) 

the  benefit  of  the  country ;  whenever  disas- 
ters occurred^  either  from  the  supposed 
treachery  or  incapacity  of  the  general  offi- 
cers, they  have  been  removed  and  others 
put  in  their  places,  who,  it  was  supposed^ 
would  do  better.  Great  encouragement  has 
been  held  out  to  enlist  a  large  numb^  of 
soldiers,  that  the  objects  of  the  war  might  be 
attained  with  as  much  speed  and  at  as  little 
expense  and  loss  as  possible,  yet  all  has 
been  ineifeetual 

War  is  a  dreadful  thing,  and  cannot  be 
justified  in  any  case,  except  when  on  the  de- 
fensive, and  hardly  then ;  yet  our  war  is 
more  than  a  defensive  one,  being  carried 
into  Canada,  among  a  people  of  our  own  na- 
tion, who  were  entirely  inoflfensive,  (among 
whom  1  was  one|  having  no  agency  in  the 
councils  of  Great  Britain,  and  are  only 
criminal  as  they  happened  to  be  in  the  do** 
minions  of  the  British  at  the  time  of  the 
quarrel.  To  make  war  against  and  destroy 
such  a  people  appears  to  be  every  way 
wrong,  and  can  only  be  justified  upon  a  sup- 
position that  our  government  fully  expected 
(and  indeed  it  had  reason  to  expect)  that  it 
would  be  but  of  short  duration^  and  at  very 


I 


■i 


k  - 
■ 

1 


ii 


■  I 


ti'l 


111. 


r1. 


•t! 


(    268    ) 

little  expense  or  loss  to  either  side.  Indeed 
I  am  very  puch  inclined  to  believe  that  if 
our  government  had  foreseen  events^  as 
tliey  have  since  transpired^  that  war  would 
not  have  been  declared)  but  which  it  was 
impoflfsible  to  have  done.  j    ,        t^^^ 

However,  it  may  be,  perhaps,  that  all  the 
misfortunes  and  troubles  that  we,  as  a  na- 
tion, have  been  obliged  to  bear,  will  tend  to 
general  benefit.  The  prosperity  of  the  peo- 
ple of  the  United  States  has  been  very  great 
for  more  than  thirty  years;  it  has  no  paral- 
lel, I  believe,  rec4)rdod  in  the  annals  of  na- 
tions ;  under  such  fascinating  smiles  we 
have  been  forgetful  of  the  source  from 
whence  our  benefits  flowed,  but  the  time  is 
now  come  to  try  our  hearts ;  whatever  we  may 
receive  herealYer  will  be  better  appreciated. 
Again,  whatever  latent  spirit  of  patriotism, 
or  rather  love  of  country  may  lie  in  our  bo- 
soms, is  now  called  forth  to  exercise  and  to 
view ;  we  may  now  discover  whether  we 
love  our  uaJtive  land,  on  which  heaven  has 
made  us  grow,  or  whetlier  we  do  not.  In 
proportion  as  dangers  crowd  upon  our  be- 
loved country,  the  patriotic  spirit  of  every 
child  of  America  will  grow  stronger  ai^l 


li'  '■''■ 


.  Indeed 
e  that  iC 
entSy  as 
ar  would 
ih  it  wa« 


■<'-.»?  7 


at  all  the 
as  a  na- 
il tend  to 
^thepeo- 
ery  great 
no  paral* 
ills  of  na- 
miles  we 
rce  from 
le  time  is 
r  we  may 

ireciated. 
.triotisnif 
n  our  ho- 
se and  to 
ether  we 
avcn  has 
not.  In 
our  he- 
of  every 
iger  aiijl 


(     269    ) 

stronger ;  and  for  the  exercise  of  which  spi- 
rit there  may  perhaps  be  great  need  before 
this  generation  shall  pass  away 

I  would  religiously  recommended  to  my 
readers  to  regard  the  declaration  of  scrip- 
ture,  and  not  to  speak  evil  of  rulersr  and 
magistrates,  who  are  sent  of  God,  but  to 
make  reasonable  allowances  for  frailties  in 
them  as  well  as  other  men.  And  like  the 
apostle  to  Timothy,  1  would  exhort,  thatsitp- 
plicationSf  prayerSf  and  intercessions  be  made 
for  all  that  are  in  atithority  (in  the  United 
States)  that  we  may  lead  peaceable  lives  ;  ytU 
lamentable  to  tell,  while  we  are  praying  for 
peace,  that  we  may  lead  peaceable  HveSf 
many  are  cursing  their  rulers,  in  bold  op- 
position to  the  commandment  of  God,  at 
whose  will  our  destiny  is  placed — ^these 
things  seem  to  be  as  inconsistent  as  they 
are  inconsiderately  done. 

Whatever  may  be  the  issue  of  the  present 
war,  or  the  fate  of  our  beloved  country,  I 
know  not,  but  sincerely  and  fervently  pray 
to  the  divine  disposer  of  events  to  avert  tho 
apparent  impending  calamities  that  may 
justly  fill  on  our  impious  heads ;  and  my 
only  hopt;  of  the  return  of  angelic  peace  and 


!|f 


i 


i. 


r<Mi 


if:''- 


1! 


I 


(    270    )  _ 

prosperity  is  predicated  upon  the  unbound' 
ed  mercy  of  QoA ;  and  for  which  I  beg  all 
my  readers  most  devoutly  to  pray. 

I  now  lay  down  my  pen,  hoping  never 
again  "to  have  occasion  of  taking  it  up  to 
KQCord  the  bloody  deeds  of  war,  for  which 
1  have  neither  talent  nor  disposition,  but 
rather  that  I  may  be  permitted  to  pursue 
those  studies  that  are  more  congenial  with 
my  native  feeling— to  dwell  upon  contem- 
plations which  are  heavenly,  wiucji  ai*e  di- 
vine, and  the  concialiting  reflection  is,  that 
quitas  in  coelo — Dieu  merci* 

M.  SMITH. 
MalU  JuiiCs  1814k. 


TAB    EN». 


nw*  ■*w      • 


inbound' 
L  beg  all 


SUBSCRIBERS'  NAMES. 


ig  never 
it  up  to 
ar  which 
tion,  but 
;o  pursue 
inial  with 
{  contem- 
ch  ai'e  (li- 
>n  is,  that 

MITH. 


4^  some  hundreds  of  the  names  of  my  subscribers  cure  not  /tere 
inserted,  I  think  it  propter  to  Jatc  t/tat  it  was  otving  to  the  pro 
traction  of  the  papers*  return  bejondthe  limited  time.    Man^ 
gentle tnen  have  not  written  Uteir  titles ,  of  course  t/iey  could  7iot 
be  printed. 


J.  Barbour,  Gov.  of  Va. 
VVm.  Fleming  Judge 
I'l'ttr  Cnichfielil 
M.  HoUoway 
Bella  jail  Thomas 
WilliaiuHolloway 
Cliiistophei-  Vail 
Etlwartl  Clust'brough 
lit'  M'c^e  Greenliow 
Ml*.  Johnson 
Htv.  John  Bryce 
lU'Tijainin  Woif 
John  Perkins 
Urv.  J  !hn  Courtney 
Henry  B-Bia^rove 
Churchill  \.  Hottgei 
riioinHH  B.  Junes 
Isnae  Wiiite 
William  Pricliard 
David  Ropi>r 
UolK-ri  M  Kim 
tA"tvis  Burnett 
Mathew  Woodson 
.hthn  Hollins 
Uichunl  Edwards 
J.  Poilanl 

Chi-ittopher  Irvine 
George  VViiliamwn 
'I'lioiuasS.  I\>|ie 
Hurrifun  Jones 
Archer  H.  Christum 
Hubi  rt  SiK-den 
Maj.  William  Price 
('Uitis  Carter 
RoU  It  M.  Puilium 
Dr.  Mathew  H.  Hi«e 


RICHMOND  CITY. 
John  H.  Uoystcr 
Kdmiimi  Walls 
H.  Mosby 
WiMiam  Crane 
J.  Crane 
Elijah  Folkes 
ICclmiiiid  Banks 
Samu«l  Wo«Kl<ion 
Walter  J.  Sieptoe 
Milton  Clarke 
Charles  M.Mitclicll 
James  Vaughu 
George  Scott 
John  Gordon 
Archibald  '1'.  Gordoti 
Ijeoitard  Bow«ri 
William  Harding 
Mitel  ToiUI 
Daiiitl  C.  Hutchersuu 
Spencer  Alvis 
Andivw  Sweeny 
Saiiiutl  White 
John  H.  Cosbv 
Hioiniks  H.  Harris 
Dr.  M.  Clark 
William  Hyde 
John  Stuart 

EdniuiHl  Pvndleton  Junt 
William  Bootright 
Thotuus  Ue>«dle 
Kdnnnul  Baiiey 
Willit^     Burns 
William  Hays 
Jolm  Seabruuk 
Philip  D.ivull 
Edward  Stauks 

U 


J.CIine 

.John  M'Pherson 
William  C.  Shields 
DHitiei  Lucas 
Michat'l  Tucker 
John  Law  lor 
Piiilip  Mayo 
D.  M'I>aughlin 
JAiuev  lay  lor 
Samuel  Churchill 
Hichard  Singleton 
Curtis  Titji-ote 
James  F.  iJenr.! 
Tliomas  Pulling 
Koberi  Bogen 
Joiin  West 
Mr.  Hariier 
Neviit  Keaisncs 
Hichard  Allen 
J<illii  Drewi-y 
Obttiiah  Duval 
I'sirl'.sHill 
AbuerGnffln 
Joint  AiMli-ewt 
D:ivi«I  T.  Stodgil 
Ji.mes  M  KeUoe 
John  Campbell 
WalktrG.  Meriwether 
Eilsha  Turpin 
Willian*  Aialeiiou 
John  Wiiision 
Solomon  Murks 
Arciiibald  B.  II 
James  A.Grant 
J'-^m:  HeKgcnlutham 
CluttavusLMcLu 


il 


m 


f  ■ 


.  i 
ill 


272 


SinS9€JlIB£BS'  NAMES. 


II.  A.  M'Neiuara 
Kichard  I.Faulkner 
Robert  R*  Gliiin 
Kt'v  A.  Fester  (2) 
Peter  Arnauld 
Hev.  John  H.  Rice 
William  CuwuD 
Hngii  J.  Crawfoitl 
D.  TrueheHit 
John  C.  Porter 
I'honius  Stewart' 
James  Morrow 
JulniTvrUiide 
DanielDavis,  jiin. 
Rev.  Daniel  Duvis,  sen. 
RfV.H.  D.Sneaa(12) 
Stephen  Woodson 
Robert  Williamson 
Stiniiiel  M'Grnel 
James  Xorwell 
Wilham  Stewart 
Abraham  Dell 
James  S.  Jones 
Georgt-  Kng-les 
John  A.  Kv(  rbys 
lleiiben  Huinett 
Wiliiiiiu  Saunders 
WiUJaiii  Humes 
Roswtll  Ciiaiter 
Daniel  Man 
Htulw  n  rieket 
KuKrlT.  Martin 
James  I^kenan 
'I'hon.as  Williams 
Ilinry  Joius 
Hif|lCr,(;.J©nps 
'liuison  Jniiny^ 
J'eulHii  Juhnion 
tntii.i.t  I  Aniion 
I.enn:«ii«  Smith 
lioUit  OliJrachool 
.lolui  Haset,  Ksq. 
b  w<  I  OspiKid 
Utibri  ThoiTtpKon 
Amlnoso  Kiluai^s 
William  IliU 


John  Poindrxter 
William  Piatt 
.lolm  M.  It o! land 
'J'liei)i:i»  lluiubtin 
J.itiies  ^^'inKO 
J«K'I  'I'nylor 
Daiiif  1  Oucliraii 


Charles  Tant 
John  M.  Smith 
Isjac  Stacy 
John  Stables 
Lusten  WheU* 
Klisha  Brown 
William  R.  Richardson 
R<ilx'ft  Carter 
Clinrtes  Dorbor 
Joel  Horton 
Isaac  Stunlevant 
John  C.  Poner 
Richard  Carter 
John  R.  Collov!*    - 
Hugh  Mullen 
Henry  Parlmcl 
Peler  Elliott 
A.  Frtnch 
James  W.  Tucker 
Jonathan  Force 
Janies  Winnen 
V  vy  Hooper 
Albirt  (i.Pore 
Riciuinl  Whaitps 
William  Taylor 

Samuel  S.  Carter 
Pleasjnu  W,  HarwuHl 
Thornton  Norwood 
Samuel  Marton 

'l'liun>)is  Stanton 

John  Kennedy 

Anthun>  Colisel 

Natliaiiiel  ^iltepard 

Thonais  Underwood 

Francis  Taj  lor 

EugeiieV.  Lt  vert 

John  Lent  \e 

Richard  Mosley 

Htni')  S.  Hurtun 

R.  Nelfion 

Wn\.  H.  Smith 

John  Collines 

John  Wilson 

W,  H.  Taylor 

.lohnl'l.  Robinson 

Georgr  BiHtty 

FU A N  KLIN  COUNTY. 

FUlnumd  Ta»e 
Janies  P^itte.son 
Ai;difw  I'atterS'On 
J<*Tiathun  Patterson 
t^linnml  RiduuKli 
ChatleKFatrikia 
John  Daughten 


William  n.  Page       . 
Rev.  Dr.  S.  K.  Jcunings 
A.F.  Gebbers 
James  Crew 
A.  B.  Walker 
John  Howard 
George  Howard 
Joshua  Brotheiton 
Rowland  Williams 
T.J.Uhw 
Charles  Dimbars 
Mrs.  Susannah  Davenport 
Rev.  Jacob  Gregg 
William  Brown 
Daniel  brown 
William  Bosher 
William  RfKim 
.Tamt-s  Cannon 
Jacob  Valentine 
Palmer  Whipple 
Williani  Dabneyjum 
Zacliariali  Clerk 
Roger  N.  Lipscombe 
Willianj  B.  Price 
JoliU  Nash 
JanjesM.Wooildy 
(ieoi^ge  Bokher 
William  Blackburn 
Obi-diali  Smith 

Thomas  Watkini 

.iohn  G.  Mosely 

Charles  E.  Hay 

John  P.  Duvall 

Wade  Mosley 

Ml-.  Kin}? 

Williant  Muyr 

Bajloi  Walker 

John  H.  Lrseton 

Kdwa'.'d  Boss 

Jolsn  llult 

\V  illiauf  Greenhow,  Esq 

Charles  Bosher 

Joh.)  It.  Pr  ntis 

Dr.  C.  Abraham 

Litut.  John  Courtney 

John  Wiiliants 

Va. 

I.(>wis  FurnibuU 

Jiisuih  Harri^tn 

Willis  Lntfenll 

James  Callaway 

Janui  Wiliiaiiiitun 
Charles  Sum«len 
Huuson  !^uthc;lar  d 


.?i  fr 


subscribers'  nambs. 


273 


imIl.Page     «..  • 

Dr.  S.  K.  Jeunings 

GebbtT* 

iCrew  V» . 

.  Walker 

Hcv^ard 

^a  Howard 

la  Brotheiton 

and  Williaras 

Leiree 

les  Dimbars 

Susannah  Davenport 

.lacob  Grtgg 

lam  Brow  a 

if  I  Brown 

iain  Boslier 

rs  Carnion 
bVuUiitine 
KT  Whipple 
liani  Diibney,  jun* 
mriah  Clerk 
er  N.Lipst'oinbe 
liani  B.  Price 
t  Nash 

IS  M.  W'ooddy 
w'^'  Bo&her 
Ilium  Blackburn 
liuh  Smith 

us  Watkins 

Cl.  Moscly 

es  E.  Hay 

P.  DuTuU 
Mt)s!ey 

iiant  iMuyr 
loi  Walker 
H.  Lestkor* 

H'.'ii  Uo«s 

Moll 

iaiir  Gnenliow,  Esq 
Irs  Bosiier 

M.  Pr.  mill 
C.  Abraham 
t.  John  Courtney 
I  Wuliains 


is  FunubuU 
h  Hnrriiton 
is  Lumrcll 

('Hllawiiy 
1««  WilUniKson 
tW*  Suni<N)en 

II  ;^(iUic;lar  ii 


III) 


David  Houseman,  jun. 
Daniel  AshweU 
Butler  Lou 
Caleb  Pate 
Joseph  H.  Townes 
Samuel  Hale 
Jesse  Puerty 
George  Menefee 
Benjamin  Cook 
Joseph  Cunningham 
James  Jokes 
Eli  Fei-guson 
William  Camp 
George  Ferguson 
David  Dickeson 


Peter  Aunspaugli 
James  Miller 
John  Wilson 
James  Martin 
Valentine  Leftwich 
Wra.  Thomas 


Micajah  Stone 
James  Stone 
Jaliez  L.  Early 
Triplett  C  Lowry 
Capt.  John  Hewit 
Ens*  John  Evritt 
John  Lowry 
Cornelius  Noell,  Ir. 
Rev.  Wm.  Harris 
Walker  Brown 
Win.  Stot»e 
W^m.  Saunders 
Thomas  Lumkin,  Esq^. 
Stephen  Mitchell 
Josiah  Auld 
Win.  R.  Jones,  Esq. 
James  H.  Kckholi 
Benjamin  H.  >^nsfield 
John  Robinson 
Blacksion  Lio^ledue 
Robt.  Finsly 
B'.v.  Aaron  Powel 
Jesse  Witt 

Ben  i.  Rite,  At.  at  Law 
Dnloi-on  H.  Minor 
Bt'ni.  Rnins4^y 
St«'|ihen  Hhilipt 
Owen  Ml  liner 
Thomas  IJool^y 
Rice  Hughs   ' 


John  Campbell 
Hawkins  Woods 
William  M'Crea 
John  Callaway 
Abraham  Taylor 
.Tohn  W.  Smith 
John  S.  Bnrwell 
William  Smith 
George  Hutoheson 
Lanktbrd  Buzendi:ic 
John  B.  Cailicote 
Robert  Ennes 
Bibby  Brooks 
Frairs  Brooks 
James  Callaway 

LIBERTY,  Va. 

David  L.  Irvin 
John  S.  Wilson 
George  R.  Walker 
Wni.  Calvert 
John  B.  Beddow 
Reuben  Parker 

BEDFORD,  Va. 

James  Joplm 
John  Overstreet 
Jesse  Jeter 
Mai.  1  <  B.  Leftwich 
James  Branch 
Lieut.  <ieo.  W.  Ganders 
James  Fields 
Edwajil  Tinsley 
WiKi&m  Boggs 
William  Joiuisun 
L^wi&  f.unier 
BeMi;ta!in  Estes,  juno 
Capt.  Henry  Jeiex. 
IsHae  Pr^-ston 
John  Piestun 
Jeri'iniah  Hilton 
BeniMiiiin  Fahner 
Francis  Hoard 
John  N(H-|I 
Thomni  Moorman 
Thomas  Stratton 
C  pt.Nehcniiah  DowcU 
F.is.  Mitci<e!l  F.u'.ng 
Mere<Iith  Comtoji 
Abiahnm  Fugi.a 
John  Hitffinhii 
Reuben  Brambiith 
James  Mills,  P.  M. 
Peterson  Ylawkiiis 
Jacob  Dawtoi} 


Robert  Adiihis'e 
Anthony  French 
Josiah  W.  Dickson 
S.  Houston 
Lewis  Daurv 
James  Brown 
John  Fi-i't^Hsuu 
John  Deity 
Joiin  Arilier 
Robf  rt  r.  Woods 
Moses  F.  Cook 
Jonathan  Wai-d 
Joseph  Reaves 
Stephen  Townes 


Dr.  Charles  Parker,  Esq. 
Jacob  Eukhole,  Deacon 
Win.  Fiazel 
John  Fesor 
Robt.  Scott 
John  Hutl'man 


Cant.  Nelson  Anderson 
William  Owen 
I'andy  Moore 
Lt-wis  Parker 
.Teremiah  Adams 
John  Siiii* 
Ar  nisteaA  Minor 
Peier  Filler 
Meninau  Lunsfoitl 
Alexntler  Wade 
Francis  Lee 
Jacob  Fi-edricic 
Tfiliit.;!!!  Minor 
Eli  .IS  M.  Eubauk 
Kobt.  Rttfs 
Wni.  iJ  ham  pi  on 
Caleb  Ferguson 
McHt's  Miller 
Chas.  Aunspaiigb 
Jubal  CuiMiurt' 
Rev.  Joshua  Burnett 
Eilwanl  Uut'iess 
Adam  Boyer 
Isnic  St.  Chir 
John  Smelu'r 
John  Pearcy 
Abraham  Grou 
John  Taylor 
John  M'Coy 
John  Heully 


,  ; 


ft 


■i 


r 


W 


274 


6U1ISCBIBEBII'  KAMiES. 


Danl.  Wdtnaek 
Thos.  Priest 
Cba«.Pe«rcy  ' 
Tommy  Right 
Henry  Hayna 
Cbarlei  Gell 
John  Teas 
Charles  Kfiady 
James  Ktimum 


William  West 
Jacob  Feazel,  Jr. 


Capt.  Wm.  Mason 
Thomas  Merthcress 


t'u&ley  Union 
Cnpt.  G.  Alsep 
Witliam  Saunders 


John  Reese 
Charles  Whiriby 
William  Powel 
Rev.  Wm.  Lestwieh  Jr> 
Peter  Horn 
William  Whittoa- 
Wm.  Dvewery 
John  Preston 
Druvy  Hallaud 

CAMPBELL  COUNTY, 

S.  Wade 
John  Roberts 


Wm.  Miller 
Josei^h  Prett 
Peter  Dcarduff 
William  Tuguas 
Nathaniel  Maympis 
Francis  Hunter 
John  Hunter 
Capt.  Joshua  Boight 
Benj.  Beleman 

Va. 

Oliver  M'ReynoMs,  Esf. 


GREENVILLE  COUNTY,  Va. 

Mitchell  Origg  Joseph  Peters 

Burwell  Grigg 

SPOTTSYLVANIA  COUNTY,  Va. 

John  Davis  Capt.  Richard  Berdgtt 

Benj.  Phnihett  Ihuioia*  Lipscomb 

John  Pevetrr 


>7ohn  Nelson,  Esq. 
JLtev*  Bbvendly  Booth 
:v  Iward  S.  Hatt 
Hietiai-d  Cocke,  Esq. 
Wm.  Barker 
John  Sprat  ley 
Henry  Bailey 


James  Iveland 
Tliomas  Buck,  Esq. 
Rev.  John  Hutchison 


SURRY  COUNTY,  Va. 

Benjamin  Cocke 
Robiert  Ell)9 
David  B<k:  h 
Thomas  P,  Ellis 
Bart.  D.  Henly,  Esq. 
John  Justess 
Patrick  Glover 

FREDERICK  COUNTY,  Va. 

Johua  Gore  Robert  Montgomery 


Colen  Whitmow 
Jordan  Wimwell 
Wm.  Edwaitis,  Esq. 
Edward  Mark 
Uenuan  Bishop 


Sftii  iie>  Coe 
Jaint's  Mitchell 


William  Dunabaker 
John  Bowen 


CHESTERFIELD  COUNTY,  Va. 


Capt.  Robert  M'Q ue 
lliomai  Rolest 
T.  S.  Sampwj)',  P.M. 
Jos.  Losaii 
Daniel  Hr  ener 
John  L-    itnsAAts 
Abner  iiatchor 
Ohet»  Hatcht  r 
Wii'am  Matcher 
AikIl-i'soii  Johnson 
Rolx«  H>irri<i 
l*him'iia<i  Clay 
.Tames  Nfv^hy 
I'lionias  CiriROj-A,  3t. 
William  l-'iu-guucb,  Jr. 


David  Wallace 
Albert  G.  Fore 
Wiiliant  Bniwn 
Janu-s  Fore 
Marl  in  Chalkley 
Dnninl  Cliaikley 
Ai'chilm  ChHlkley 
Nelso''  TaniHT 
leotik<ivi  Nnnnitlly 
'V  huma*  Umlt, 
iupt,  J«»hn  VV.  Gill 
llolvrt  lAK'kett 
WiUiam  Waro 
Wifliam  Ntwhy 
AIku  Whilw<v& 


George  W.^Cohi 
John  M.  Cola'* 
Capt.  William  Brown 
R.  V.  "lliomaA  Lufltou 
Jitmes  Magee 
William  Fisher 
Sfliniiel   Taylor 
John  S.  Clark  ^v 

Jiiiiies  Adkerson  •  ' 

Capt.  I.ittleberty  West 
John  A.  Bowman 
JanuMi  C'taro,  Esq, 
^tlix  Ferq-uson 
John  Fdgua 
John  T,  Jit  Icbcl- 


strBSCRliESV  WIMES. 


nB 


Wet 

?v\en    .   -  ,_  .^« 

icarduflT 

1  Tuguas 

el  Maymnis 

Hunter 

jnter 

ishua  Bngbt 

elemao 


rReynoMs,  Esf. 


Petefi 


licbiird  Berdffit 
i»  Lipscomb 


NVhitmoiv 
1  Wintwell 
Sdward$,  Esq. 
1  Mark 
n  Biihop 


Montjforaery 
Dunabaker 


|w.»Coto 

Cola*> 
^iiliam  Brown 
hotnwi  Luftou 
[aK«? 

Raher 

la^lor 

Clark 
^dkerson 
|ittlebrrry  Wwt 

Bowman 
[laro,  Esq. 

fgua 
,  Belobcl- 


'4.A<f'  «^ 


Berry  Robinson 
S.  Gibson  Ssq. 
Wm.  Patton,  Esq 
James  Caldwell 


James  Chenoweth 
George  L.  Chenoweth 
David  Millet-,  P. »!. 
J.  Stepheaaon,  Esq. 
John  C.  Cromwell 
Major  D.  Campbell 
Kathan  Roberts 
Wm.  Throckmorton 
Motes  Dillon 
Alexand.    Mackay 
Juius  G.  Goodman 
Samuel  Cooper 


RUSSELS  COUNTY,  Va. 

Mark  Right  Samuel  M'Dowel,  P.  M. 

Alex.  M.  Tarlane  Rev.  David  Jessee 

Robert  Patton  Henry  Dickenson ,  C.  C 

Z.  Tugate,  Esq.  Arclier  Jesse 

BERKLEY  COUNTY,  Va. 


David  Miller 
Levi  Cunningbam 
James  Sterrat 
James  Dysart 
Capt.  Levi  Ibiidshaw 
Capt.  George  Holiday 
Major  A.  Waggener 
John  B.  Chisman 
1  homas  Gill 
Jacob  Horn 
Solen  M'Kee 
Samuel  M*Kawn 


Boyd  Robects 
Hiuinas  Bog^ 
John  M'Thown 
M.  Morgan 
Elizabeth  Let* 
Francis  Silver 
Edmund  Waggener 
James  Waggener 
John  Vannteter 
Abraham  Johnson 


KING  GEORGE  COUNTY,  Va. 


W.D.Greer 
David  R.  Jones 
John  Williamson 
Thomas  F.  Davis 
Geo.  Johnson,  P.  M. 
JohnG.Hv-.it 


William  Hunton,  Esq. 
A.  Fristoe, 
Isaac  Foster 
Wm.  Gt'ure 


Henry  Jackson 
Robert  L.  Blackburn 
M.  Rowan 
Geo.  N.  Cusher 
John  Ho;e 
Robert  Chesley 

FAUQUIER  CONNTY.  Va. 


Thomas  Con 
H.  G.  Bober 
James  Boiler 
S.LS.  Brown 


William  Mount 
Elijah  Kirchivell 
George  Britton 
Moses  Dowdell 


William  Ball 
Elijah  I'hornhill 
A.  Htiiiton 
William  Brooks  (5) 


Rov.  George  Norriss 
Hillary  M.Hii[iter 
Jacob  Hunter 
William  CoAell 
John  Comich 
Ju'.in  Biddle 
William  Biship,  jnn. 
James  Noirin,  Deacon 
Francis  M.  Land 
Sowell  Norri«,  Deacon 
John  i'-  Biddle 
Josluia  Holms 
William  Moren 
Mary  Barwell 
Hmiy  Petty         ' 
Mitchell  Parsons 
Wilhaiu  Creekmur 


PRINCESS  ANN  COUNTY,  Va. 

Major  William  Nemmo     John  Smith 
Whittin{>:toi)  Coe  Jaincs  B  Morrow 


William  Mosbey 
John  W.  Hays 
Abraham  Villroy 
Charles  H  Burije^ 
Hawnooii  Batik 
Francis  Barnes 
Etioch  I.and 
John  Banks 
Wm.  B.  Coiraick 
Fxlwaitl  Moseley 
George  Bmt 
Jonn  Htfling 


Joseph  Fulgham 
Francis  C.  Foitfainc 
E.  Hudson 
'I'lilly  E.  Moseley 
Wilhain  Ntwsum 
John  Ltisieis 
James  Thorowgood 
John  Thorowg^oud 
Robert  Williamson 
Da\  id  Sliul<>y  (2) 
Thomas  Willis 
Nicholas  Slack 


Mitcht  II  Thtiiowgooil  (2)  Phint  hs  Sanlwrn 
Jrohii  Wilkins  .^ohn  IMummer 

Thomas  C.  Casey  William  C  Hull 

Q  2 


If 


I 


'Mil 


mm 


»a--  '-^^ 


276 


SUBSCRIBEBS'  NAMES. 


POWHATAN  COUNTY,  Va. 


GeoTReOitcn 
Jesse  Owen ' 
George  Taylor 
Hugh  Woonaon 
Jacob  Mosly 
Henry  Whitiock 
Lepscoinb  WjAsh 
Rev.  Samuel  Woodfin 
William  Scott 
James  R*  Stokes 
Samuel  Swanii 
John  H.  Stigfer 
Wm.  Taylor 
Archibald  B*  Sneail 
Dr.  Wm.  Crump 
Peter  Dupny 
William  Drake 
J.  JBrowmny 
B.  Dratton 
Josiah  Corby 
William  Stratton 


John  Kay 

Gapt.  John  Cassin  (2) 

J.  Smith 

Thomas  Dutons 

J.  M'Groues 

John  Bishop 

Robert  Totf^rdill 

James  Baltentine 

Richard  Webb 

K.  Fibypatenck 

Jesse  Rarnw 

Peter  Hubert 

Lieut.  W.  jf.  Aqd«r$oQ 

Kev.  Sinhb  Sherwteid 


Rev.  T,  T.  Montague 
Uicliarcl  GjM'iiete 
<:upt.  W.S.  Muniague 
H.  Gaines 
B.  Gnslaitd 
Hichai-d  Maun 
(».  Wi-iglit 
.1.  Richards 
C'Mpt.J.  Williams 
UoUi-t  Rufflii 
R.  K»v 
Jostpli  Mann 
A.  h.  H<))ighto 
L«  Toy  ('dUdimn 
rUoiiias  r.  Muntncue 


William  Anderson 
James  Amouect 
Capt.  Edward  CoX 
Obadiah  Maroy 
W.  H.  Mooely 
G.  Baugh 
Thomas  Dellarol 
Thomas  Drake 
Rev.  Benjamin  Watkins 
John  Depp 
Daniel  Frabue 
Abraham  Cox 
Nelson  Flounoy 
Daniel  Johnson 
Henry  Rigby 
William  l^prnde 
Matthew  WwilVee 
George  Handcock 
Rev.  Jolm  Wooldrige 
Richard  W.  Atkinson 
Wm.  W.  Atkinson 

PORTSMOUTH,  Va. 

Francis  Wrenn 
Richard  Muerfree 
Major  S.  Wajtt 
Norman  Taylor 
Jesse  Kay 
Wm.  Barnard 
John  Wuytt 
Edward  Dunn 
John  Collins 
Major  D.  Veale 
John  Talhott 
MicWl  Bexden 
Capt.  John  Thoiopson 
Capt.  Tubman  Laws 

ESSEX  COUNTY,  Va. 

William  T.  Evans 
Robert  Temshali 
A.  S.  Montague 
A.  Muntaeue 
nilly  r.  Gaines 
H.  Montairue 
C;i)pt.TlM*uMU  Evans 
Charles  Lee 
J<»))ii  Owen 
Eilward  Trice 
Baylor  Cjs*ttbn 
Lewis  Ueainan 
Joint  Biam 
John  Hatdy 
Samuel  May 


Abner  Smith 
John  Pemberiton 
Capt.  Francis  B.  BovaU 
William  Grave* 
Peter  Pbrter 
Benjamin  Langsdon 
David  Laiy 
Jesse  Tillotson 
Thomas  Chatham 
William  Bowles 
Benjamin  T.  Davis 
David  Fkiurnoy 
John  Maxey 
Major  H.W.  Watkins 
Samuel  Watkins 
William  Owen 
Claiborne  Wright 
Thomas  Fursee 
William  Sublett 


John  Accinelly 
Richard  Baugh 
William  Dentw 
James  Prisor 
James  A.  Williams 
John  Pullen 
Capt.  Wm.  Penlhall 
JotI  Watts 
Joseph  farter 
Thomas  Brooks 
Washington  SamfonI 
Samuel  Williajut 


Philip  Lee 
Roliert  Gamtt 
Thuiiias  Str«^ 
James  Noel,  tM.  D. 
James  L*,,Cox 
George  H.  K^esee 
Rev.  Philip  Montague 
Reuben  Cauglithoa 
WilliamFishei- 
William  Hil! 
'Ediut^jid  Noel 

B.  ¥3«her 

C.  M.  Bartoil,  Att'y 
Major  J.  B.  Turner 
Thuiuas  M.  HiiuUey 


subscribers'  itames. 


277    I 


AVilliam  Owen 
'William  Gamell 
Ffefhin  Richiwn 
William  Dilianl 
Dr.  A.  Newhall 
Abraham  Montague 
William  B.  Evans 
!Edw*  Mickleboruugh 
John  Dennen 
Jubii  Satldter 
Jubu  Clark 
Morris  Enamel 
Keubin  Simed 
William  Dyke 
John  Skyiier 
Jubu  Brook 


Henrv  Mason 
J.  M.'BinfonI 
Peter  Binfoid 
Char^niHolt  v 

Henry  Eppes 
H.  C.  Gooilridi,  Esq. 
James  Rose 
ClMirle«  L.  Harrison 
L.  D*  Cain 


John  Brooeke 
Ikaac  Fisher 
Silas  Ware 
George  P.  Yooug 
Austin  Ball 
Philip  Mann 
John  Gi-ediom 
R.  H.Galwood 
William  Bird 
William  B.  Matthews 
Paul  Micousins 
T.  Elliott 
Caleb  Elliott 
Capt.  Ricliard  Evans 
Henry  Stit«t 
Dr.  G.  N.  Steptoe 

SUSSEX  COUNTY,  Va. 


Jtk€ye%  MoDttsne 
John  CoUina 
Joseph  Burnett 
iBaHiee  Spindle 
Greenwood  Fisher 
James  Dix 
Lewis  Uplaw 
Thomas  Piteher 
H.  W.  Latane 
Ephraim  Beazdey 
John  Jones 
Carter  CroMon 
Dr. T.B.  W.Gray 
Washington  H.Perkina 
James  Webb,  AttV 


Capt.  Win,  Mason 
I'liomas  Merthcress 
John  Mooel 
Charles  Stuart 
William  H.  Camann 
Antos  Adams 
William  Farham 
John  Parhani 
Mitchell  Grigg 

MATHEWS  COUNTY, 


Hon.  Holder  Iludgens 
Col.  L.  Gayle 
Tliomas  Hiidgins 
Capu  H.  W.  Sale 
•R.  Aimiktefld,  A.  B.(2^ 
Robeit  Smith,  A.  B.  (3) 
B.  White,  A.  B. 
Jesse  Hudgins,  A.  B. 
Capt.  Tliouias  Jtirvis 

Jolin  C.  Booken  

Daniel  Ransoike,  L.L.D.  Henry  Dixon 
John  D.Jarvis  Thomas  Groome 

r.  Smith,  Esq.  Samuel  W.  Bowrf 


Capt.  John  Billups 
William  L.  Smith 
Edward  T.Smith 
R.  Aynes 
John  Arraistead    ^ 
Capt.F.Weedon  ^"Jk 
Capt.  Peter  Foster 
William  Green 
Neliemiah  Henley 
Gabriel  Keughts 


Martin  Shearman 
Capt.  JoUn  GlaMXick 
M'ifUam  Reumy 
Josiali  Hazaitl 
William  Uazurd 

Rev.  Joseph  Sauuders 
Joseph  I'etavali 
LefHianI  Purdey 
Thonms  l^arbuin 
Ji.  (irccu« 


WESTMORELAND  COUNTY,  Va. 


Burwell  Grigg 
Edward  Whitchom 
William  Paraam 
John  Prince 
Richard  Rosa 
Philip  Baley        u' 
James  ChamUesi 
William  Melem 
Heury  Joiu:s 

Va. 

John  L.  Hudgins 
William  Fitchett,  D.  D . 
William  Hudgins 
Wm.  Billups 
John  S.  Fl^rd 
.  Richard  Bifiups 
B.  Millar 

TlKMnas  H.  ThompsiMi 
S.  Ii  lliott 
John  Foster 
William  Bohaman 
John  Bohunnwi 
G.Wwdson  Payne 


Solon«r^i  I*>^maa 
Tliomas  hutiders,  )un. 
Richard  Neale 
J*    nNeale 
William  Settle 


Richard  I.  Brown 
John  Yeatnan 
Ransdell  Puree 
Rev.  Samuel  Templemaii 
James  NoeU,  M.  D. 


BRUNSWICK  COUNTY,  Va 


/,  i 


J.  Blick 
James  Smith 
M'illiam  t«  Braadman 
Ci.  U.  llHiiiiwr 
fUnry  llubinsoo 


B.  G.  Wyetie 
L.  Williamton 
JanM  s  Benallor 
Willmitt  L  Piniiigton 


278 


I   jIVBSCEIBERS'  NAMES, 


TbonuM  M.  Ryland- 
Fraiicis  Leifh 
Wiiliain  V.  Keywood 
WiiiUm  R.  Steveni 
J.  Berry 
Hicliard  Tillage 
Thuinas  Stookt 
Haiisfora  Ruwe 


GLOUCESTER  COUNTY,  Va. 

Lieut.  Wn>.  S.  Hunton      7ohn  Dobwn 

Edward  Williamt 

Ensign  R.  Ranwn 

Lieut  Thoinas  Ramon 

Viiisen  Hutsun 

Rev.  R.  Staey 

Christopher  Strotkeo 

llioiiHas  Hotiday 

MECKLENBERG  COUNTY,  Va. 


yohii  Foster 

Lieut/rhomas  Raniame 
Capt.  John  Cam 
Chwrliftk  <L;iiilton 
Capt.W.R.rerrin 


Abraham  Spencer 
Fmiicii  M.  Brooke 
Walter  C.  Laitgliley 
WilliaiQC.  Hudson 
R.  L.  /etfrios 
Howt  i  Pui'year 
John  W.Lewis 
Philip  Rtiiiey 
Samuel  D.  Rofie 


G.  Eubank 
Griffin  Bevards 
Thoinas  G.  Hunton 

Rev.  Robert  Tisdale 
Samuel  Cotemao 
Robert  Wrifrttt 
William  Huri'ison,  sen. 
Richaiil  Ship 
James  Daaiel 
James  GouldQC 
Henry  Motley 
John  Sale 
George  Sale, 
Nathaniel  Conduit 
John  Anderson        < 
lieubenJBrqaddni 
Afottlccia  IHfkddus^ 
James  L  BrOiridus     T 
James  Andrews 
Puirsey  Bates 
Samuel  Chairman 
Ambrose  White 
George  Giten, 
Rev.  Spilsbe  Woolfolk 
Paul  Conner 
Samuel  Wortham 
William  Thompson 
Wilson  Qunrles 
Nerborn<^  C^ndUr 


Thompson  Rowlet 
M.  Roli^ 
William  Moss 
Green  Moss 
Thomas  Brumnel 
Robert  Rode 
f  Peter  Baily 
John  Oliver 
B.BuUer 

LANCASTER  COUNTY,  Va. 

Capt.  Henry  C.  I<owson    Capt.  Elias  Edmunds 
Peter  Beam  Rev.  H.  Gaskiits 

Thomas  Cappedye  Maj.  William  Kirk 

CAROLINE  COUNTY,  Vh. 


Sterli  ig  Willis 
Ddwai-d  M.  Pattily 
J.  D.  Moss 
Pi  t  r  W.  Hutchisoa 
Pleiisaui  Uuriiett 
Cliarles  L.  JdTne* 
Lewis  Rotle 
Thomas  B.  Hull 


Rev.  A.  Broaddui,  A. 
Thomas  Biirruss 
Henry  DofKet 
Thomas  Hickman 
William  Anderson 
Richard  Hutchesun 
Alti-ed  Minor 
MfiHIiidh  Harriwn 
William  S.  Wyatt 
Jiiu.D.G.  Brown 
Robert  Scott 
Samuel  Norment 
Stevens  Parish 
Wir.  W.Dickinson 
Sarah  DUvret  ' 
I'ho.  BviAiiderson,  M. 
Col.ChHVles  Toild 
Ilenry  Scffar 
Thomas  Utoaddus 
D.  PitiiUiD 
Lewis  W.'IUbafino 
M.iX'llard 
Keeling  Row 
J*eter   ThorDton 
J4  B.  Thornton 
Cliarles  Talbiitino      ' 


M.  Reuben  T.  Taylor 

Jolui  Saunders 

Daniel  Mo igan 

Wm.  D.  PoLy 

Woodfork  Ester 

Alex.  M^illionson,  M.D. 

Rueben  Long 

William  Merriraan'^ 

Wiliam  Lawson 

Addison  M.  Lewis 

James  Sennnck 

George  RosS 

lliomas  Gothrie^ 

B.Howard  '  . 

JolinCole         -    ^ 
D.  Jatnes  oainuelv  sea. 

TTiomas  Dillard  ^ 

*Binj.  Samutil 

Robert  G.  HdUowiy   ^ 

M.  Moore 

John  Buttail 

WtUi«m  Bullock 
•    WiUon  M.CMreT 

W.  Sate 

'I'lioiuiis  BelctnaA  ~^ 


E9. 

^ohn  DobMD 
^ohii  Fostw 

/leut/rhomas  Ranionie 
lapu  JuAm  Cam 
[^hHi'ktt  tJIiilton 
^apu  W.  H.  rerrin 


Va. 

Iterli  ig  Willis 
Xlwaiil  M.  Pattily 
'.  D.  Moss 
*it  rW.Hiitchisoa 
'leiisaul  Uuriiett 
Miarles  L.  Jcifi'ies 
[iewis  Rott'e 
rhtfUUt8B.HuU 


:apt.  Elias  EdraumU 
RfV.H.  Gaskiiis 
Maj.  William  Kirk 

u 

Reuben  T.  Taylor 
olui  Saunders 
>aniei  Moi|^n 
Vm.  D.  PoLy 
W^ooclfurk  Ksier 
Uex.  Willionson,  M.D. 
liiebeii  Long 
rVilliam  Merriman" 
^iliam  Lawsuii 
(Vddison  M.  Lewis 
Raines  Sennuck 
korge  RosA 
Llioinas  Gothrie 
).  Howard 

olin  Cole 

atnes  ^inuelv  '^Q* 

,1ioiuaH  Uillaitl 

k-nj>  Samu^ 

iobert  G.  HdHowty  .^ 

I.  Moore 

ohn  Buttail 

VilHtin  Bullock 

l^ilion  M.CHrc7 

V.  Sale 
liuntiis  Belcmaa  >> 


subscribers'  xames. 


279 


UANOVER  COUNTY,  Va. 


Tf  k  mi  np  Green 

'♦"111.  Pmldv 

W.  W.  Harris 

Tliomas  B.  Cosloy 

^'at^T.TalIey  • 

Jrssf  l?iirrye»f 

AndcT'^un  Grubb 

John  Sims 

John  C.  Brock 

.luhn  Winn 

William  Litilepage 

Robert  Hicks 

Hr  nry  A.  Timberlake 

flt.iiry  Tyler 

William  a.  Austin 

Iliilip  Sheppai-d 

William  Canirou 

Jol.n  Englaud 

John  Mann 

Wiiliani  Clark 

Dr.  Sum  del  P.  Hargrove 

JHiiies  Hynres 

X.C.Lipscoinbe 


John  Gilman 
Lfwh  Hoite 
Dr.  Niciiolas  Sheror 
Capt.  Thomas  Jensloy 
Capt.  Wui.  White 
John  D.  Brown 
Parke  Gle|in 
Wm.  King 
^seph  Holnian 
Dr.  Aaron  Burton 
Joseph  P.  Parsons 
Richnixl  Thomas 
Reuben  Timberlake 
Richard  Turner 
Wyatl  Davis 
Charles  W.Whitiss 
Robett  Priddy 
John  Given 
John  Sheppard 
Peter  Winston 
Thomas  Bowles,  sen. 
Thotnas  Bowles,  Jun. 
Starling  Langford 


Frederick  Wuodaon 
Joseph  Mosby 
Obediab  Hooper 
John  King 

Capt.  Charles  P.  Goodall 
Dr.  J.  M.  Sheppnrd 
William  Jenkins 
Charles  Taley 
Oliver  T.  Cross 
Thomas  Nelson 
Thomas  W.CiaybrMk 
John  inderson 
Wiliiam  L.  Ha/ris 
Mary  Burnley 
William  Day 

.warti  Valentin* 
Joseph  F.  Price 
Charles  ihompgon 
Edward  W.  Kimbruuxli 
Fanny  D.  Byrd 
Eliza  D.  Anderson 
Carter  A.  Mallory 


HENRICO  COUNTY,  Va, 


Jatncs  Wliitelaw 
'I'lieinas  Owen 
"VVlJiiuni  Winsa-r 
EJntuitd  West 
CMpt.  WiUiaois 
:Sbttitew  H  Owen 
Isaac  Winston 
capt.  Benj.  Sheppaixl 

PnTi«l  Lipscombc 
^^^lUi'land  Aiidi'rs(>n 
I.  Islcamon 
Will.  G.  Dsindrige 
John  Madison 
».'liark'S  Wiijjht 
Jdiimi  Gcllum 


Daniel  Edwards 
John  Walker 
John  Mosby 
John  Toler 
Ptter  Ct^tti'el,  jr. 
lAddul  BowUs 
Riiltert  L.  Mosby 
^lo&by  Shcppavd 

LOUISA  COUNTY^Va^ 


Maj.  Thomas  Lewis 
Richaitl  Carter 
Jesse  Throgmorter 
John  P.  '>\^lionson 
Patrick  H.  GenU7 
John  Nash 
John  Bui'too    ' 


William  Mansfiekl 
Wiliiam  Wood 
Wi  iliam  Rowling 
Williuni  Cooks 
Ediiitind  Ky;glfstcRi 
James  D.  KeukolH 
John  'I'hompson 


GOOCHLAND  COUNTY,  Va. 


Wm.  Diekemon 
John  D.  Tlmmasson 
John  C.  Gqdwine 
David  Hall 
Richatd  Quarlcs 
G.  Timberlake 
Rev.  John  Puiudext«( 


W.  G.  P(,i:idext'cr,.  Es 
Dyiiiil  Triplt^tt 
JMuaix  Leak 


q.    Juscpli  Siuoute 
Peter  Wade 
Capt.  N.  Pui-kiHs 


Maj.  A.  Purkins 


KING  AND  qUEEN  COUNTY,  Va. 

n«il)ert  B.  Sempje,  A.  AC  George  Saunders  James  Gariu^tt 

Hti^h  Campbell  William  Bohonnan  HughCampUU 

i;.i  iiben  M.  Gat-nett  Capt.  Robert  Cutirtoey  H.Walhu 

CburchiU  Andenon  John  Bagly  Motes  Nunn      < 

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Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WMSTM, N.V.  I4SM 

(7l*)l7a-4S03 


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SITBSCRIBBM'  KAlf£S. 


Wm.  Dex 
Jonah  RyUmd 
Capt.  Robert  B.  Hill 
Lewis  Smkh 
Joel  Willit 


Stephen  H.  L«cv 
Dr.  Henry  Jerauld 
A.Bosher 

Robert  A.  CtftlrborM 
William  Claik-borae 
Geoq;e  AUen 

John  Carter 
Wm.  Clopton 


Rev.  Peter  Lugg 
J.O.  Bank! 
Arthur  Lee 
Richaitl  Powell 
Kf  V.  Wro.  Mitehell 
Richard  Riven 
Andrew  Baites 


.»    -n 


Robert  PiiyM 

JohnVai^- 

Janies  W^tml' 

'WUUamOweA 

SihuHestun. 

William  Haup 

H.Korvell4. 

.loieph  Kevmi^ 

Nath.  Rivei 

NelMn 

J.  P.U 

John 

SethW, 

B.  Canel 

Francli 

WillWkiC 

J( 


6eor| 

:  Jbnai 
yThoi 

Capt.QetotiMtery    -Mwanl 
Ur.  M«  j0Hn  , 
Ot>n.liMtoPecraiii 
Hailwf  II '  W$niondand 
William  RM|1       ; 
Capt.  Ell  war 


Robert  S.  Jonei  James  PendTeton,  Deacon 

Thomas  Nitnn  Lee  Boulwire,  P.  M. 

Capt.  Thomas  HodgtfM  Larkin  Cason 

Alex.  Campbell  fioluraon  Pannel 

Riclifiiti  SiiiQ|4in  Philip  Dpliiu; 

KING  WILUAM  CUUKTT,  Va.  * 

Rt'ulien  Dugar  Edward  Butler 

William  Bagley  'LB.  Lipscotnbe 
James  Turner  Robert  Johnson 

'  J.  B«  Lipscorahe  Thomas  M.  Todd 

Austin  Lipscombe  James  Hil^ard 

Thomas  Euwards 

NEW  KiiN T  COUNTY,  Va. 

James  GHiry  WilHam  B.  Bailey 

E.V.  Graves 

NORFOLK,  Va. 

Georce  Bains 
Capt.  R.  Hilsiek 
James  Nickers 
Parker  Hawkini' 
James  Ruder 
A  Hayman 
RodMh  Hill 

LYNCHBURG,  Wi. 

Richard  Brown 
John  Taylor 
Alex.  Fabbot 
Thomas  Billupi 
Aifivd  M'Daniel 
Benjamin  T.  Owent 
James  Devanport 
Bh»4i|>i.  Mure! 
lEwicllttrris 
4ri«n  L.Liekif 
William  Petterton 
'William  Mitchell 
berts 


CiO) 


iMter 
«e,  Printer, 
nston 
ny 

aoi^WTlCtVa. 


.et 


Thomas  Rook 
John  Pell 
William  Baines 
Wiles  Wilkin* 
John  Richaitls 
ilames  WiMiamtoa 
Rev.D.C»rey 

Philip  Dure 
Miss  Kary  B.  Deane 
John  WiUiamt 
William  Jonet 
French  S.  Gvuf 
Sfth  Ward 
Plotny  L.  Walkim 
DavitlHoffhian 
Vincent  Baikjr 
George  Reiger 
J.  H.  Curb! 
Douglas  Puekcc 
Beverly  Marslmll 
Mathew  Blaoke  ^"i 
Robbert  Snodnip 
Nuthan  Carrujr     ^ 


^  "51' 


otkHSSmm 

itnas  Titeld 
waidPeffram 
liaih  Yaict' 


^ 


ionathaaBaile] 


IVter  y^S^ 


W\y, 


^y 


.  wmtf 


Thooias 


SVBSCRIBBAS'  NAMES. 


%SX 


John'WilUins 
P.  W.  Hasptr 

£<iwaid  i*C'Ott 

Robiit  Tumbrill 

John  Steel 

Tarfdii  Smith 
Ric'iiaid  Wright 
Samuel  Miller 


Samuel  Burks 
Raleigh  Tapscott 
Robert  Hill 
Benjamin  Beiioitl 


Rev.  Richard  Dabbs 
John  HeilTirn 
Jamles  Dn!)bs 
Lewis  Garnith  . 


Hon.  Geor  j^  Harris 
ColierHueberson 


Col.  Framiis  Preston 
James  Garrett  (10) 
8.  M'Cormadt 
P.  V.  Bynei 
Thomas  Colley 


Carter  Bameid 
johnJarvrs 
SolcMnon  Bright 
Thomas  Bitx(«*r,  Esq. 
Rev,  Jm-miah  Bthray 
Rl>.  Wi^m  Surry 
Joseph  Wirktus 
William  Gmy 
JohnGrowe 
<>ipi.  Ihum  iMmts 
John  Bcwy 

dlMMCiftlt 

Jnwph  H.  Bryml. 

nMNiins  TAvl«Mr 
Linus  Le«i|ium> 
Moses  Gil  Mm 
Aobtil  C.  Mttton 


Robert  Rolling 
CaiH.  William  Ross 
L>  H.  Vaueban 
William  Chahibers 
Capt.  Robert  Rivers 

STAUNTON,  V«. 

David  Steel 
Johr  M.  Price 
Robert  Douihat 
Thomas  Piice 


Joseph  Ciowder 
Maj.  A,  Buswell 
M.  B.  PilUbOiou|(h 
CHeth 


Daniel  Gibsun 
John  Whaler 
James  DicfciHm 


BUCKINGHAM  COXJNTY,  Va. 

B.  Staton  George  Chambn^ 

Sabon  Gipson  John  Aeis,  jr. 

Frederick  Murell  John  Chambers 

Edward  Chambers  R>  Bunoo 

CHARLOTTE  COUNTY,  Va. 


Tapley  Akiik 
James  Bell 

Capt.  Gideon  Spencer 
Brooks  Baker 


John  Ric« 
John  AifuD 
David  Rice,  jr.  ' 
Capt.  Thomas  Read 


AMELIA  COUNTY,  Va. 

William  Leigh  "      Edward  Harrison 


John  Si.  Clair 


James  Rubertson 


WASHINGTON  COUNTY,  Va. 


John  Reeder 

Saiuu.  I  Kelly 

Jttcuh  Mitngle 

Elijah  Giltenwater,  Esq. 

Rev.  John  James 


CURRITUCK  COUN':^!, 

Arthur  Ethcridge 
William  Oongh 
Jncob  Sawjrr,  Esq.' 
D.  Lindsey,  E 
Rev.  Edwanl 
Jonatiian  UimIi 
Major  Cnh;  1 
LieutaJRubert 
Rev.  Joshua  Bfl 
Stftuuel  Fliillips,  Esq. 
Ensign  EtMchlkiU 
Charles  Sawyer 

WINOiOR,  M.  e. 

Peter  Kerham 
!Mr.  Gmy 

G.CagferJMlt 
JamesFfettnef 
T>  A.  FAIiutr 


Rev.  W.  J.  C«ii«r)n» 
George  M'lDev 
Richard  Whitane 
George  MurpheT 
JusepbCTriiff 

N.  C.  f 

^S.  W.  RoMrtf 
i^MHUki  Samfeilifie 
Henry  CiOjpepyer 
Sukmion  ChapMHi 
Frederick  Douik 
Mathias  Dsvns 
SpenerHair  .t 

Samuel  Malkiin    . /\ 
Capt.  annuel  Solyrr 
LitNit.  Rubeit  Vaymw 
Lieut.  lliowM  Gitty 


Her.  Aaron  Bpivey 
llK>mwLStcUar 
George  Outkw 
fiinion  A.  Uryao    . 


2S2 


SVBSClaiBERs'  NASfia, 


Gen.  Calvin  ./ones 
Ker.  John  Hayet 
Parker  Rand 
John  S.  Led* 
A.  S.  H.  Bureei,  M.  D. 
John  Beckwiui,  M.  D. 
Sherad  Haywpod,  Coo** 
of  U.S.Iaii^ 


RALEIOH,  N.  C. 
Be?.  Wm.  M'Pheeters,    »ev.  J.Randleson,  A.  M. 
Prin.  of  Raleigh  Acad,  /nniui  Snead,  Gov.  See. 
Rev.  G.  Gordon,  Assis.  dcRichard  Smith,  Esi^. 
ChriAopher  Christophers  lieth  Jones 
William  P.  Colehum        Maj.  T.  Wyatt 
Willis  Whitaker  2enas  Okelv 

Bei|i»raiu  BeaiitJey         Witliara  W.  Mason 
Mark  Cook,  Esq.  Charles  Parish 

NEW.MARKET,  Md. 


Jacob  Houck 
Caleb  Wood 
lYilliam  Coali} 

Richard  Gambrill 
Henry  &.  Lusby 
tharies  Warfield 
Henry  Shipley 
Stephen  Hartbum 

John  Vlutridge 
WilKafi  Woods,  jr. 
Waltae^  Kineaid 
Rohcrc^Wilson 
Jam^  Itevinney 

inshuaTromiv 
WilibmSmitb    * 
John  Amos 
WilKam  StamlMiry 
James  Nrlsmi,, 
llMxnM  Nelloi 
Benjpmin  fluiwn 


Isaac  Davis  Joshua  Rnssel 

Gerard  Coroman  Gideon  Mantz 

Reuben  Hogau  William  Williatxa 

ANNE  ARUNDEL  COUNTY,  Md. 


im* 


Robert  Pflhe^ 
WiHiaWi  |low«M,  jv 
Lewis  uiilMMe  .« 

NAAtiBSF 

Hon.  Wm.  Qnetikam 
Hoi^Jk|bei1i  PreseuA 
R.  B.  SMnt,  A8Mi 
Lieut.^Dhn  Jbnes,  A.  M. 
JtisephWigower. 
Hoa.^Wnas  Watkint 
Hon.  JAn  P.  Nyt 
yantcsCiirMV  . 
I>obnefeModt<r 
Anderson  WIMIiijhi 
Starling  Smith  '■ 
SflmuclRiibertt 
jUnsfoid  LiiidKtf 


Joshua  Hood 
Francis  Lawrence 
Samuel  Bream 
William  Sew«| 
Benjamin  Brown,  jr. 

BALTIMORE,  Md. 

1  homas  Conely 
John  Mendith 
Gataway  Watkius 
Thoiuas  Jeffbry 
A.  DaaToid 
Isaac  Baker 
M.  Lawrence 
Patrick  M'Cristal 
William  Talbot 
Joshna  Rowles 
Davkl  L.  Fvftk 
|U4sr<l  Barry 

fhooiisD.  Berry 
Rev.  L.  RichaitU 
^Hev.  John  Ucaley 


Jesse  Wheat 
John  Warfield 
Moses  Gearer 
William  GUI 


Edward  Scroff 
G.  Dougherty 
CliristAiii  UotTnuui 
James  Renshaw 
L.  Taylor 
J.M'Cabe 
John  Rogers 
John  C.Suinhtdc 
Jeremiah  Perry 
Wm.  Hitchcock,  £>%. 
Richard  Cutium 
William^uckineMi 
WilliHm  Retiney 
JohnWilion 
Thuman  Winwooi     /^, 
John  C.  Richards       ' 


'  H«*n» 
Robek^ 
/ubnflk 
Charles 
MnK..«. 
•AihoaiiuiM 

-iSfwiSjT^*' 

JUbt.Santffor 
Bichard  Harris 
Mathankl  C^^ri|ttff 
Aobert  L«Bio6 
LiniiBatdM 


UOUSLY  INSERTED.        «•(    ^ 
Henry  EdwaiMtiai 


Gordon  Cloyi 
Arthur  Hoki 
%<lev.  W«.|U||M0MN1X 
/araes  Penn  v 

C  B.  V^Av^*^     **  " 
Cornaiius  GriilMi 
Hon.  Chacles  ILLavett 
Hon.  RieHTtd  fomtm 
fintiianietlliivis^         ^ 

Hoben  Tfibb 

^]^iJ).Rif« 


^mum$. 


^r  '    . 


U^per  Canada^ 

Situation  and  Extent, 

Surface  and  Soil,     . 

Natural  Productions, 

Agriculture     -        ^ 

Climate, 

Commerce,     - 

Animals,         -        r 

*ish,      . 

Mines  and  Minerals, 

Lakes,  "*        ^        - 

Riveif?,  . 

IndiauH, 

Villages, 

Settlements,   - 

Civil  Divisions,    *  - 

]>istri<lts^        ^       T 

King's  Roads,        - 

Beatings  and  Distanceii  of  Places 

^ptilation,     *-  ■     -        -       - 

Learning,       -        -        - 

Morals,  •       -       *       ^ 


C  JT 


Page, 
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19 

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30 
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4^ 
43 
46 
49 

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Page, 

Religion^          •       •        « 

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DiverstonSy              .        , 

• 

• 

56 

M«nufacturesy 

• 

• 

67 

Promiscuous  Remarks  on  the  Gov'ts 

58 

Cttirilr>sities9         >      • 

62 

Mn-th-westLaihif     .       . 

I 

7f 

Sitrface,           •        *        • 

7§ 

SniU         •        •        •        . 

80 

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81 

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100 

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105 

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108 

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110 

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Walter  NavigatidWy 

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Page, 


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97 

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105 

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Natural  Productions^ 

Mines, 

Animals,    ^ 

Kivers, 

Lakes, 

Harbors, 

Fish, 

Indians, 

Fortifications, 

Agriculture, 

Coninierce, 

Settlements, 

Bearings  and  Distanoes  of  Places, 

Keligion, 

History, 

Lower  Canada^ 

Situation  and  Extent 

Surface, 

Soil, 

Climate 

Natural  Productionsn^^ ; 

Mines,  j^ 

Minerals, 

tiiimals, 
akes, 
lUvers, 
Harbors, 

Indiaiis, 

Villages, 

CiUes 

FortifioatioDS, 

Apiculture, 


•  • 


285 

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127 


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CmljOivisioiiiWli     irV  •» 
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Ciidosities^ 
Population^  •     • 

liBarniiig,  . 
Morals,  *  .  • 
j^a^igion  .  •  -  • 
Manners,  .  • 
Diversions,  .  • 
History,  .      ^ 

il^W'Bruiiiswick 
BituatiQn  and  Extent, 
Afpitndary, 
Iwfacd  •        • 

lUtural  Productions, 
iboiinak, 

>PS,        "^  ^  •.  *■     *   ' 

Indians,       *  .M*^  • 
¥illaffes,  •  »    • 

Fortifieations,  • 
Apiculture,    •       . 
Jminerce,      •       •   { 
feMkaHents,  - 
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Water  Navi|^tioD, 


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Curiosities^ 

Population,      •       • 

Promiscuous  remarks  on 

Morals,  .  .     • 

Religion,  . 

JSorvaScotia, 

Situation  and  Extent, 

Surface,  « 

Soil,  •        • 

Climate, 

Natural  Productions, 

Mines, 

Animads, 

Lakes, 

Rivers, 

Harbors, 

Fisli,         .        .        . 

Indiana,  .        •        . 

Villages,  .       . 

Cities,  • 

Fortifications,      ,    • 

AgricidHire, 

Commerce,  ^  . 

^Settlements, 

Civil  Divisions, 

Water  Navigation, 

Population, 

Learning, 

Morals, 

Religion, 

HistoVy, 

Island  of  Cape  Breton, 

Island  of  St.  John, 


tlie  gov't. 


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Page. 

196 
197 


199 


200 


201 


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208 


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288  04}inrjEKT|i 

Newfoundland,    .  .•       •       •       •      20^ 
A{ipendix:  eontaining  a  Concise  His-      ' 
tory  of  4he  War  in  Canada,  up  to  - 
tkelOtiiJulie^lSl^,  •       .       *     214 


EBRATA. 

(reader  will  please  make  the  following  correctiotis  • 

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>iitnd  6ih  line  from  the  bottom,  mr  127 
^weiaft  longv  read  14#w  '  ^ 

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